Geophysical Monitoring for Geologic Carbon Storage. Группа авторов

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PREFACE

Geologic carbon storage is the storage of carbon dioxide, generally in supercritical form, in underground geological formations. This kind of underground storage is emerging as a promising technology for dealing with increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere. Ensuring safe and long‐term CO₂ storage in different subsurface settings requires site characterization and monitoring during and post‐CO₂ injection. A range of geophysical monitoring techniques can be deployed in this regard, to remotely track subsurface CO₂ plumes and to monitor fracture/fault zones (one of the primary leakage paths), caprock integrity, and mineralogical changes. This book provides a comprehensive reference to different geophysical techniques currently used and being developed for monitoring geologic carbon storage and for assessing their advantages and limitations.

      The book is divided into four parts, three describing different monitoring methods and techniques and one presenting case studies from around the world. Part I contains two chapters on geodetic and surface monitoring techniques, specifically Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) and frequency modulated spectroscopy. Part II looks at subsurface monitoring using seismic techniques, including optimal design for cost‐effective monitoring using microseismic networks and time‐lapse active seismic surveys; offset, walkaway, and 3D vertical seismic profiling (VSP) monitoring/imaging; quantifying time‐lapse changes of subsurface geophysical properties; site characterization using multicomponent seismic data; and workflows for determining fluid and pressure effects resulting from a supercritical CO₂ injection in a sandstone reservoir using 4D reflection seismic data and well logs. Part III looks at subsurface monitoring using nonseismic techniques with chapters on time‐lapse gravity surveys; electrical and electromagnetic techniques; electrical resistivity tomography; integrated controlled source electromagnetic (CSEM), gravimetric, seismic amplitude‐versus‐offset (AVO) monitoring; and self‐potential monitoring. Finally, Part IV presents five case studies of geophysical monitoring at different geologic carbon storage sites. The first three are in the United States: the Illinois Basin‐Decatur Project in Decatur, Illinois; Phase III of the Southwest Partnership on Carbon Sequestration in Farnsworth, Texas; and the Southeast Regional Sequestration Partnership project in Cranfield, Mississippi. Two further examples are presented from Europe: the Sleipner project in Norway, and the CO₂ injection project at Ketzin in Germany.

      I thank all the authors for their contributions and numerous reviewers for their careful review of the chapter manuscripts. Appreciation also goes to AGU and Wiley for their support during the preparation and production of this book. Particularly, I thank Dr. Estella Atekwana from the AGU Books Editorial Board and the AGU Publications Director, Dr. Jenny Lunn, for helpful feedback on the manuscript. I also express gratitude to staff at Wiley, including Dr. Rituparna Bose, Emily Bae, Kathryn Corcoran, Poornima Devi, Layla Harden, Karthiga Mani, Nithya Sechin, Bobby Kilshaw, Carol Kromminga, Angela Cohen, Shiji Sreejish, and Bhavani Ganesh Kumar for their support.

       Lianjie Huang Los Alamos National Laboratory , USA