Essentials of Nuclear Medicine Physics, Instrumentation, and Radiation Biology. Rachel A. Powsner

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СКАЧАТЬ A 180‐degree radiofrequency pulse is used to reverse T2* decay....Figure 10.15 Inversion recovery. An initial 180‐degree RF pulse inverts M al...Figure 10.16 Top: MRI without gradient coils—uniform B₀ down the length of t...Figure 10.17 (a) Frequency encoding. Gradient coils along the X‐axis of the ...Figure 10.18 (a) The X‐gradient remains on and the slice is subjected to a v...Figure 10.19 Transaxial slice of a brain MRI study: T1‐weighted, T2‐weighted...Figure 10.20 Schematic of an MRI scanner.

      11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 PET‐CT.Figure 11.2 PET‐CT. (a) The entire CT scan is acquired, followed by (b) the ...Figure 11.3 SPECT‐CT. (a) Two gantry system with CT contained within one gan...Figure 11.4 PET‐MRI. (a) Older scanner design with shielding between the MRI...

      12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Projection views of a liver are backprojected to create transaxi...Figure 12.2 Acquisition of projection views (as numerical arrays) of a disk....Figure 12.3 Projection views of the disk are backprojected.Figure 12.4 Star and backprojection “blur” artifact.Figure 12.5 Statistical variation in counts.Figure 12.6 Nine‐point smoothing.Figure 12.7 Weighted nine‐point smoothing.Figure 12.8 Nine‐point smoothing using kernels with central weights of 10 an...Figure 12.9 Edge‐enhancing filter in numerical form.Figure 12.10 Backprojection following application of an edge‐enhancing filte...Figure 12.11 Graphic representation of an edge‐enhancing filter.Figure 12.12 The use of sine waves to represent an image: a key step in the ...Figure 12.13 Sine waves used to approximate the image of rectangles seen in ...Figure 12.14 Frequency spectrum.Figure 12.15 The Nyquist frequency of 0.5 cycles/pixel is the smallest disce...Figure 12.16 The Nyquist frequency expressed in cycles/cm.Figure 12.17 Effect of the ramp and combination low‐pass and ramp filter on ...Figure 12.18 Graphic interpretation of the effects of low‐pass and high‐pass...Figure 12.19 Characteristics of commonly used low‐pass filters.Figure 12.20 The Butterworth and Hann windows (or prefilters) can be modifie...Figure 12.21 Sample images of reconstructed bone scan using Butterworth filt...Figure 12.22 Attenuation of photons.Figure 12.23 Attenuation correction using a calculated attenuation map.Figure 12.24 Transmission image using a rotating gamma emitting source.Figure 12.25 Attenuation coefficient scaling factors for ¹⁸F PET based on CT...Figure 12.26 Original and estimated projection views for iterative reconstru...Figure 12.27 (a) Projection views from the first estimate are compared to th...Figure 12.28 Progression of five iterations.Figure 12.29 Resolution improves with increasing iterations.Figure 12.30 Iterative reconstruction incorporating image degradation factor...Figure 12.31 Transaxial, sagittal, and coronal images.Figure 12.32 Oblique views of the heart.Figure 12.33 CT image contrast enhancement using variable windowing based on...Figure 12.34 Nuclear medicine maximum intensity projection (MIP) image. The ...Figure 12.35 Maximum intensity projection (MIP) CT image collapses most inte...Figure 12.36 Maximum intensity projection image for lung CT image accentuate...Figure 12.37 Skeletal tissue from a CT scan displayed using surface renderin...

      13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Simplified network diagram for a radiology department.Figure 13.2 DICOM information object containing image and header.Figure 13.3 DICOM objects are grouped in series which are then grouped toget...Figure 13.4 Schematic of the information exchange between components of the ...

      14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Linearity sleeves.Figure 14.2 Variation in sample geometry.Figure 14.3 Nonuniformity due to off‐center energy windows. (Images courtesy...Figure 14.4 Uniform flood field.Figure 14.5 Defective photomultiplier tube.Figure 14.6 Cracked crystal.Figure 14.7 Nonuniformity due to a drift in circuitry.Figure 14.8 Uniformity analysis image. The acquired image of the flood sourc...Figure 14.9 Uniformity correction matrix.Figure 14.10 Bar phantom.Figure 14.11 Degradation of resolution with distance.Figure 14.12 Ring artifact created during backprojection of an area of nonun...Figure 14.13 Deviation of the mechanical COR.Figure 14.14 COR curves in the x direction.Figure 14.15 Normal and abnormal COR tests.Figure 14.16 Image of a Jaszczak phantom. The top two rows contain cross‐sec...Figure 14.17 PET Daily QC image. (a) Multiple tests (one per labeled row) ar...Figure 14.18 Image of PET phantom. The top three rows contain cross‐sectiona...Figure 14.19 Regions of interest used to calculate CT number uniformity and ...Figure 14.20 Slice of a phantom used to determine CT number accuracy over a ...

      15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 The structure of chromosomes and DNA.Figure 15.2 Single strand and double strand breaks.Figure 15.3 Direct and indirect action.Figure 15.4 During indirect action the hydroxyl free radical interacts with ...Figure 15.5 The cell cycle and relative radiosensitivity.Figure 15.6 Cell survival curves for low and high‐LET radiation.Figure 15.7 Effect of dose rate on cell survival for low‐LET radiation.Figure 15.8 Oxygen binds to damaged DNA.Figure 15.9 Effects of oxygenation on cell survival during low‐LET radiation...

      16 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 Time–activity curve, cumulative activity, and residence time.Figure 16.2 Source and target organs.Figure 16.3 Measurement of CTDI. (a) A dosimeter placed in the center of the...

      17 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 Exposure decreases as a function of distance from the source.Figure 17.2 Exposure decreases as the square of the distance from the source...

      18 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 Radiopharmaceutical structure. Top: ¹³¹I is part of an ionic com...Figure 18.2 The thyroid incorporates iodide into thyroid hormones which are ...Figure 18.3 Left: The gamma emissions of ¹²³I are used to create images of t...Figure 18.4 Collagen is secreted by osteoblastic cells. Hydroxyapatite is in...Figure 18.5 Decay scheme of ²²³Ra.Figure 18.6 ²²³Ra and ^99mTc‐DP compounds are incorporated into hydroxyapatit...Figure 18.7 Hepatic artery and portal vein blood supply to the liver.Figure 18.8 Decay scheme of ⁹⁰Y.Figure 18.9 Introduction of radiolabeled microspheres through an intra‐arter...Figure 18.10 (a) ^99mTc‐MAA is used to simulate or “map” the future distribut...Figure 18.11 MAA particles and microspheres lodge in arterioles.Figure 18.12 Therapeutic radiolabeled monoclonal antibody.Figure 18.13 Therapeutic radiolabeled ligand.Figure 18.14 Components of the nephron.Figure 18.15 “Cold” amino acids competitively block the re‐absorption of the...Figure 18.16 Bremsstrahlung X‐rays resulting from the interaction of beta pa...

      19 Chapter 19Figure 19.1 Alpha particles are stopped by layers of dead epidermis; high en...Figure 19.2 Alpha particles can damage the lining epithelium of the gastroin...Figure 19.3 Elastic scattering of proton following neutron interaction with ...Figure 19.4 Exposure and contamination.Figure 19.5 Frisking (pancake) probe for attachment to survey meter.Figure 19.6 Detector proximity is necessary for alpha detection.Figure 19.7 Paper and plastic or aluminum can be placed between the radioact...

      Guide

      1  Cover Page

      2  Dedication Page

      3  Title Page

      4  Copyright Page

      5  Preface

      6  Acknowledgments

      7  Table of Contents

      8  Begin Reading

      9  Appendix A Common Nuclides

      10  Appendix СКАЧАТЬ