Smith's Elements of Soil Mechanics. Ian Smith

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СКАЧАТЬ ρ _b Bulk density ρ _c Consolidation settlement ρ _d Dry density ρ _i Immediate settlement ρ _s Particle density ρ _sat Saturated density ρ _w Density of water σ Total normal stress σ' Effective normal stress Total, effective axial stress Equivalent consolidation pressure (one‐dimensional) σ_r, Total, effective radial stress σ _stb;d Eurocode 7 design value of stabilising total vertical stress Effective overburden pressure Average effective overburden pressure σ₁, σ₂, σ₃ Total major, intermediate and minor stress Effective major, intermediate and minor stress τ Shear stress ϕ' Angle of shearing resistance with respect to effective stresses ϕ _cv Critical state, or constant volume, angle of shearing resistance ϕ _cv;d Design value of critical state angle of shearing resistance Design value of ϕ' ϕ _u Angle of shearing resistance with respect to total stresses (=0) ψ Angle of back of wall to horizontal, Eurocode 7 correlation factor

      About the Companion Website

      The book's companion website www.wiley.com/go/smith/soilmechanics10e provides you with resources and downloads to further your understanding of the fundamentals of soil mechanics and the use of Eurocode 7:

       A suite of editable spreadsheets which map onto the worked examples in the book, showing how they are solved.

       Solutions to the end‐of‐chapter exercises, including the full workings and accompanying spreadsheets.

       Convenient tables with useful data and formulae.

       Animations to demonstrate some of the more complex laboratory testing and geotechnical procedures.

Part I Fundamentals of Soil Mechanics

Chapter 1 Classification and Physical Properties of Soils

      Learning objectives:

      By the end of this chapter, you will have been introduced to:

       the formation of rocks and soils;

       clay soils and the field identification of soils;

       the classification of soils;

       various physical properties of soils and the relationships between them.

      In the field of civil engineering, nearly all projects are built on to, or into, the ground. Whether the project is a structure, a roadway, a tunnel, or a bridge, the nature of the soil at that location is of great importance to the civil engineer. Geotechnical engineering is the term given to the branch of engineering that is concerned with aspects pertaining to the ground. Soil mechanics is the subject within this branch that looks at the behaviour of soils in civil engineering.

      Geotechnical engineers are not the only professionals interested in the ground; soil physicists, agricultural engineers, farmers and gardeners all take an interest in the types of soil with which they are working. These workers, however, concern themselves mostly with the organic topsoils found at the soil surface. In contrast, geotechnical engineers are mainly interested in the engineering soils found beneath the topsoil. It is the engineering properties and behaviour of these soils, which are their concern.

1.1 Agricultural and engineering soil

If an excavation is made through previously undisturbed ground the following materials are usually encountered (Fig. СКАЧАТЬ