Cyber-Physical Distributed Systems. Min Xie

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СКАЧАТЬ management strategies are generally qualitative or heuristic [257]. In these strategies, some assumptions, for example, constant reward with respect to successful anti‐cyberattack [258,259], may be unrealistic for most smart grids.

Chapter 7 presents a probabilistic risk analysis framework to enhance smart grid cyber security. In particular, the dynamic and stochastic characteristics of smart grids, such as uncertain demands, are taken into account to investigate the effect of defending strategies on the real operation cost. The optimal power flow (OPF) model [260] is applied to an 11‐node radial smart grid originating from the Elia grid in Belgium. Compared with the existing studies that focus on the inherent risk [254,260], such as the natural degradation and uncertain RERs for better maintenance actions and power dispatch, Chapter 7 addresses the impact of the external threat (cyberattacks) on the operation cost for effective deployment of cyber defense teams. In previous works, the cost of each attack on a node was assumed to be a constant [259]. Nevertheless, by investigating some practical scenarios, it has been found that the costs are more likely to be determined by some adversarial factors. Therefore, an adversarial cost sequence associated with each node is assumed, and a widely used variation constraint is introduced for each cost sequence. To cope with the objective of sequential decision strategies, the problem is formulated using the reinforcement learning framework [261–263]. In particular, the Bayesian prior method [259] is employed for the model parameters, and the problem is formulated as a Bayesian adversarial multi‐node bandit model. In addition, a Bayesian minimax type regret function is constructed, which is subject to the learning context.

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