Cloud and IoT-Based Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks. Группа авторов

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      Internet of Things-Based Service Discovery for the 5G-VANET Milieu

       P. Dharanyadevi1*, M. Julie Therese2 and K. Venkatalakshmi3

       1Department of Computer Science, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India

       2Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sri ManakulaVinayagar Engineering College, Puducherry, India

       3Electronics and Communication Engineering, Anna University Tindivanam Campus, Tindivanam, India

       Abstract

      The advancement in the internet of things based vehicular networks elevates the newfangled demands in the proficient discovery process. The major concern in vehicular milieu is to provide seamless connectivity with ultra-fast services to the users. To address this concern, Vehicular Ad Hoc NETwork (VANET) milieu is integrated with 5G. The service discovery is the process that retrieves the best resources (service) as per the vehicular consumer needs. The vital issue in the 5G-VANET about of an application-oriented technology is to discern the services accurately and efficiently as per the user’s needs with high reliability, low latency, and high-bandwidth. The first part of the chapter deals with the fundamentals and technological details of VANET, 5G, the need of integrating the VANET with 5G, and the need for service of discovery and also discusses the service discovery mechanism. The second part of the chapter discusses the service discovery methods and frameworks and also discusses the service discovery architecture in the 5G-VANET milieu. The third part of the chapter discusses the petty performance evaluation metrics, service discovery in the 5G-VANET milieu advantage and disadvantage. The final part of this chapter discusses the future directions of service discovery in the 5G-VANET milieu.

      Keywords: VANET, 5G, Internet of Things, service discovery, performance metrics

2.1 VANET

      VANET milieu recedes into the context of the Internet of Things, which provides consumers with relevant information and services at any moment, everywhere [1, 2]. Without sufficient understanding of the discovery mechanism, retrieving the efficient service is a big task. VANET is distinguished into infrastructure (IF) and infrastructure-less (IFL) networks. The IF network is dependent on the fixed elements. The IFL (Ad Hoc) networks are a lightweight network with no fixed components, where the mobile node is capable of interacting with each other within its coverage area [3].

As shown in Figure 2.1, in VANET each node (vehicle) is proficient in communicating with other nodes and access points within its range [3]. The most important VANET communication modes are Vehicle-To-Infrastructure (VTI), Vehicle-To-Vehicle (VTV), Vehicle-To-Network (VTN), and Vehicle-To-Pedestrian (VTP) communication modes [4]. The VTI and VTP communicate between vehicles and pedestrians without the concern of roadside and network infrastructure. In VTI, the vehicle communicates with the aid of roadside and network infrastructure. The VTN communicates between vehicles and networks by sustaining the vehicle-to-network applications.

      The VANET uniqueness is as follows:

      Some of the research issues in the VANET milieu are multicasting, service discovery, addressing, security, privacy, routing, medium access schemes, self-organizing, reliability, pricing scheme, scalability, and so on [7, 8].

      The communication technology in VANET can be classified based on their signal range. They are Long Signal Range (LSR), Medium Signal Range (MSR), and Small Signal Range (SSR). LSR communication technologies are Microwave, Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA), WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access), and cellular technologies such as 2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G [8]. The ASR communication technologies are Continuous Air-Interface, Long and Medium Range (CALM), Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC), and Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) [33]. The SSR communication technologies are the Ultra Wide Band (UWB), Zigbee, Bluetooth, and Infrared [33].

2.2 5G

      As the quantity of internet customer and demand increases, 4G is replaced with 5G [9]. 5G affords high speed with high capacity, which is capable of broadcasting, downloading, and uploading large amounts of data in GBPS [10]. As the VANET milieu is dynamic, the need of integrating the 5G with VANET becomes necessary. By integrating the VANET with 5G, vehicle users can enjoy seamless connective with ultra-fast speed. The 5G-VANET milieu supports voice streaming video, data transfer in large amounts, interactive multimedia, and so on [11].

      5G supports WWWW, which incorporate with the flexible modulation and intelligent antenna [10]. The important research challenges in the 5G are affording reliable consistency of experience provisioning, greater availability, reduced prices, relatively low end-to-end latency, large mobile access, and higher bandwidth rate [11, 12].

2.2.1 Why is 5G Used in VANET?

      The few 5G technologies which are used in the VANET milieu are as follows: