Colonial Origins of the American Constitution. Группа авторов

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       A set of amendments that address the status of the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut [43] as a federal system.

      46 Fundamental Articles of New Haven, June 4–14, 1639

       A summary of basic political principles, with the discussion surrounding its adoption that reveals underlying reasoning.

      47 Connecticut Oath of Fidelity, 1640

      A citizenship oath that brought those who arrived after 1639 into the 1639 founding compact—the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut [43].

      48 Capitall Lawes of Connecticut, Established by the Generall Court the First of December, 1642

       An ordinance that greatly reduces the number of reasons, compared with English common law, for using capital punishment.

      49 The Government of Guilford, June 19, 1643

       The detailed political covenant these colonists had agreed to establish in the Guilford Covenant [44].

      50 New Haven Fundamentals, October 27, 1643

       The Constitution of New Haven that guided the colony as a federation of towns until it united with Connecticut in 1662.

      51 Majority Vote of Deputies and Magistrates Required for the Passage of Laws in Connecticut, February 5, 1645

       An amendment to the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut [43] clarifying the bicameral relationship.

      52 Connecticut Code of Laws, 1650

       This code serves as a bill of rights and as part of Connecticut’s colonial constitution.

      53 Preface to the General Laws and Liberties of Connecticut Colony Revised and Published by Order of the General Court Held at Hartford in October 1672

       Designed to replace the code of laws passed before New Haven joined Connecticut (see Connecticut Code of Laws [52]), the preface shows that the code is considered to be part of the foundation covenant.

      54 Division of the Connecticut General Assembly into Two Houses, October 13, 1698

       A constitutional ordinance that officially established the bicameralism that had been implicit but imperfectly operative since 1639.

      NEW YORK

      55 A Letter from Governor Richard Nicolls to the Inhabitants of Long Island, February 1665

      The order that established a representative legislature in New York.

      56 Charter of Liberties and Privileges, October 30, 1683

       A constitution and bill of rights adopted by the legislature.

      NEW JERSEY

      57 Fundamentals of West New Jersey, 1681

       A constitution adopted by the New Jersey legislature.

      PENNSYLVANIA

      58 Concessions to the Province of Pennsylvania, 1681

       An agreement that established the terms of settlement for Pennsylvania.

      59 Charter of Liberties and Frame of Government of the Province of Pennsylvania in America, May 5, 1682

       The first Pennsylvania constitution, including a bill of rights, with a preface laying out the principles underlying it.

      60 An Act for Freedom of Conscience, December 7, 1682

       Establishes freedom of conscience for all those who profess a minimal belief in God.

      61 Pennsylvania Charter of Liberties, 1701

       The Frame of Government (constitution) that replaced the 1696 frame and defined Pennsylvania government until 1776.

      MARYLAND

      62 Orders Devised and Published by the House of Assembly to be Observed During the Assembly, February 25, 1638

       Procedural rules governing the deliberative process in the legislature.

      63 Act for Establishing the House of Assembly and the Laws to Be Made Therein, 1638

       Political compact that formally established the Maryland legislature.

      64 An Act for Church Liberties, 1638

      One of the earliest statements on religious freedom, this compact extended that freedom to Catholics in Maryland.

      65 An Act for Swearing Allegeance, 1638

       A typical oath confirming English citizenship that together with the oath of a local political covenant expresses a dual citizenship in a de facto federal structure.

      66 An Act What Persons Shall Be Called to Every General Assembly and an Act Concerning the Calling of General Assemblies, 1638

       A temporary constitution that grounds political institutions on popular sovereignty—proposed by the Lord Proprietary and approved by the freemen gathered in a General Assembly.

      67 An Act for the Liberties of the People, 1638

       A brief, temporary bill of rights.

      68 Maryland Toleration Act, April 21, 1649

       Established the broadest definition of religious freedom in seventeenth-century colonial America until the establishment of Pennsylvania.

      VIRGINIA

      69 Articles, Laws, and Orders, Divine, Politic, and Martial for the Colony in Virginia, 1610–1611

       Based on martial law rather than on consent and not in any sense covenantal, the first colonial code of law reflects the importance of religion to Virginia political culture.

      70 Laws Enacted by the First General Assembly of Virginia, August 2–4, 1619

       The first colonial political compact of any type, this code of law is also the first passed by a representative body.

      71 Constitution for the Council and Assembly in Virginia, July 24, 1621

       Formally establishes a bicameral legislature for Virginia.

      72 Laws and Orders Concluded by the Virginia General Assembly, March 5, 1624

       A major amendment to, and update of, Laws Enacted by the First General Assembly [70].

      NORTH CAROLINA

      73 Act Relating to the Biennial and Other Assemblies and Regulating Elections СКАЧАТЬ