The American Commonwealth. Viscount James Bryce

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СКАЧАТЬ to call attention to the more important among these new political arrangements, and to give in each case the most recent facts, though I am for obvious reasons precluded from adding comments on many of the facts which it is proper to state.

      It was with some anxiety that I entered on this revision, fearing lest the hopeful spirit with which my observation of American institutions from 1870 to 1894 had inspired me might be damped by a close examination of their more recent phases. But all I have seen and heard during the last few years makes me more hopeful for the future of popular government. The forces working for good seem stronger today than they have been for the last three generations.

      In the prefaces to the first and third editions I expressed my thanks to a large number of friends, American and English, who had helped me. Many of those to whom I was most indebted have now passed away. To those who happily remain I renew the expression of my gratitude, and am glad to thank also many others, too numerous to be all mentioned by name, in the United States, who have within the last few years helped me in a thousand ways towards acquiring a more thorough knowledge of their country.

      I venture to take this opportunity of saying how deeply I appreciate the extraordinary kindness with which this attempt, made by one who was then, comparatively speaking, a stranger, to describe American institutions, has been received in the United States, and of which I have received so many proofs in travelling to and fro throughout the country.

      James Bryce

      October 22, 1910.

Note to Edition of 1914

      This new edition has been carefully revised in order to introduce into the text the changes made by recent amendments to the Constitution, and otherwise to bring the book up to date.

      February 26, 1914.

List of Presidents

1789–1793	GEORGE WASHINGTON
1793–1797	Re-elected
1797–1801	JOHN ADAMS
1801–1805	THOMAS JEFFERSON
1805–1809	Re-elected
1809–1813	JAMES MADISON
1813–1817	Re-elected
1817–1821	JAMES MONROE
1821–1825	Re-elected
1825–1829	JOHN QUINCY ADAMS
1829–1833	ANDREW JACKSON
1833–1837	Re-elected
1837–1841	MARTIN VAN BUREN
1841–1845	WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON (died 1841)
	JOHN TYLER
1845–1849	JAMES KNOX POLK
1849–1853	ZACHARY TAYLOR (died 1850)
	MILLARD FILLMORE
1853–1857	FRANKLIN PIERCE
1857–1861	JAMES BUCHANAN
1861–1865	ABRAHAM LINCOLN
1865–1869	Re-elected (died 1865)
	ANDREW JOHNSON
1869–1873	ULYSSES S. GRANT
1873–1877	Re-elected
1877–1881	RUTHERFORD B. HAYES
1881–1885	JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD (died 1881)
	CHESTER A. ARTHUR
1885–1889	STEPHEN GROVER CLEVELAND
1889–1893	BENJAMIN HARRISON
1893–1897	GROVER CLEVELAND
1897–1901	WILLIAM MCKINLEY
1901–1905	Re-elected (died 1901)
	THEODORE ROOSEVELT
1905–1909	THEODORE ROOSEVELT
1909–1913	WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT
1913-	WOODROW WILSON

Dates of Some Remarkable Events in the History of the North American Colonies and United States

1606	First charter of Virginia.
1607	First settlement in Virginia.
1620	First settlement in Massachusetts.
1664	Taking of New Amsterdam (New York).
1759	Battle of Heights of Abraham and taking of Quebec.
1775	Beginning of the Revolutionary War.
1776	Declaration of Independence.
1781	Formation of the Confederation.
1783	Independence of United States recognized.
1787	Constitutional Convention at Philadelphia.
1788	The Constitution ratified by nine states.
1789	Beginning of the federal government.
1793	Invention of the cotton gin.
1803	Purchase of Louisiana from France.
1812–14	War with England.
1812–15	Disappearance of the Federalist Party.
1819	Purchase of Florida from Spain.
1819	Steamers begin to cross the Atlantic.
1820	The Missouri Compromise.
1828–32	Formation of the Whig Party.
1830	First passenger railway opened.
1840	National nominating conventions regularly established.
1844	First electric telegraph in operation.
1845	Admission of Texas to the Union.
1846–48	Mexican War and cession of California.
1852–56	Fall of the Whig Party.
1854–56	Formation of the Republican Party.
1857	Dred Scott decision delivered.
1861–65	War of Secession.
1869	First transcontinental railway completed.
1877	Final withdrawal of Federal troops from the South.
1879	Specie payments resumed.
1898	War with Spain: annexation of Hawaii.
1899	Cession by Spain of Puerto Rico and the Philippine Islands.
1904	Acquisition of the Canal Zone at the Isthmus of Panama.

Area, Population, and Date of Admission of the States

      The thirteen original states, in the order in which they ratified the Constitution

	Foreign Policy and Territorial Extension
	Ratified the Constitution	Area in square miles	Population (1910)
Delaware	1787	2,050	202,322
Pennsylvania	1787	45,215	7,665,111
New Jersey	1787	7,815	2,537,167
Georgia	1788	59,475	2,609,121
Connecticut	1788	4,990	1,114,756
Massachusetts	1788	8,315	3,366,416
Maryland	1788	12,210	1,295,346
South Carolina	1788	30,570	1,515,400
New Hampshire	1788	9,305	430,572
Virginia	1788	42,450	2,061,612
New York	1788	49,170	9,113,614
North Carolina	1789	52,250	2,206,287
Rhode Island	1790	1,250	542,610
States subsequently admitted, in the order of their admission
Vermont	1791	9,565	355,956
Kentucky	1792	40,400	2,289,905
Tennessee	1796	42,050	2,184,789
Ohio	1802	41,060	4,767,121
Louisiana	1812	48,720	1,656,388
Indiana	1816	36,350	2,700,876
Mississippi	1817	46,810	1,797,114
Illinois	1818	56,650	5,638,591
Alabama	1819	52,250	2,138,093
Maine	1820	33,040	742,371
Missouri	1821	69,415	3,293,335
Arkansas	1836	53,850	1,574,449
Michigan	1837	58,915	2,810,173
Florida	1845	58,680	752,619
Texas	1845	265,780	3,896,514
Iowa	1846	56,025	2,224,771
Wisconsin	1848	56,040	2,333,860
California	1850	158,360	2,377,549
Minnesota	1858	83,365	2,075,708
Oregon	1859	96,030	672,765
Kansas	1861	82,080	1,690,949
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