Island Life; Or, The Phenomena and Causes of Insular Faunas and Floras. Alfred Russel Wallace

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СКАЧАТЬ 471-486

CHAPTER XXII

       Table of Contents

      THE FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND: ITS AFFINITIES AND PROBABLE ORIGIN

      Relations of the New Zealand Flora to that of Australia—General Features of the Australian Flora—The Floras of South-eastern and South-western Australia—Geological Explanation of the Differences of these Two Floras—The Origin of the Australian Element in the New Zealand Flora—Tropical Character of the New Zealand Flora Explained—Species Common to New Zealand and Australia mostly Temperate Forms—Why Easily Dispersed Plants have often Restricted Ranges—Summary and Conclusion on the New Zealand Flora

      Pages 487-508

CHAPTER XXIII

       Table of Contents

      ON THE ARCTIC ELEMENT IN SOUTH TEMPERATE FLORAS

      European Species and Genera of Plants in the Southern Hemisphere—Aggressive Power of the Scandinavian Flora—Means by which Plants have Migrated from North to South—Newly Moved Soil as Affording Temporary Stations to Migrating Plants—Elevation and Depression of the Snow-line as Aiding the Migration of Plants—Changes of Climate Favourable to Migration—The Migration from North to South has been Long going on—Geological Changes as Aiding Migration—Proofs of Migration by way of the Andes—Proofs of Migration by way of the Himalayas and Southern Asia—Proofs of Migration by way of the African Highlands—Supposed Connection of South Africa and Australia—The Endemic Genera of Plants in New Zealand—The Absence of Southern Types from the Northern Hemisphere—Concluding Remarks on the New Zealand and South Temperate Floras

      Pages 509-530

CHAPTER XXIV

       Table of Contents

      SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

      The Present Volume is the Development and Application of a Theory—Statement of the Biological and Physical Causes of Dispersal—Investigation of the Facts of Dispersal—Of the Means of Dispersal—Of Geographical Changes Affecting Dispersal—Of Climatal Changes Affecting Dispersal—The Glacial Epoch and its Causes—Alleged Ancient Glacial Epochs—Warm Polar Climates and their Causes—Conclusions as to Geological Climates—How Far Different from those of Mr. Croll—Supposed Limitations of Geological Time—Time Amply Sufficient both for Geological and Biological Development—Insular Faunas and Floras—The North Atlantic Islands—The Galapagos—St. Helena and the Sandwich Islands—Great Britain as a Recent Continental Island—Borneo and Java—Japan and Formosa—Madagascar as an Ancient Continental Island—Celebes and New Zealand as Anomalous Islands—The Flora of New Zealand and its Origin—The European Element in the South Temperate Floras—Concluding Remarks

      Pages 531-545

MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS

       Table of Contents

	PAGE
1. Map showing the Distribution of the true Jays	Frontispiece.
2. Map showing the Zoological Regions	To face 31
3. Map showing the Distribution of Parus Palustris	To face 66
4. A Glacier with Moraines (From Sir C. Lyell's Principles of Geology)	109
5. Map of the Ancient Rhone Glacier (From Sir C. Lyell's Antiquity of Man)	110
6. Diagram showing the effects of Excentricity and Precession on Climate	127
7. Diagram of Excentricity and Precession	129
8. Map showing the Extent of the North and South Polar Ice	138
9. Diagram showing Changes of Excentricity during Three Million Years	171
10. Outline Map of the Azores	248
11. Map of Bermuda and the American Coast	263
12. Section of Bermuda and adjacent Sea-bottom	264
13. Map of the Galapagos and adjacent Coasts of South America	276
14. Map of the Galapagos	277
15. Map of the South Atlantic, showing position of St. Helena	293
16. Map of the Sandwich Islands	311
17. Map of the North Pacific, with its submerged Banks	312
18. Map showing the Bank connecting Britain with the Continent	333
19. Map of Borneo and Java, showing the Great Submarine Bank of South-Eastern Asia	373
20. Map of Japan and Formosa	392
21. Physical Sketch Map of Madagascar (From Nature)	413
22. Map of Madagascar СКАЧАТЬ В начало < 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 > В конец