Graves' Orbitopathy. Группа авторов

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Fig. 2. a Diffuse pretibial myxoedema. b Elephantiasic pretibial myxoedema. c Thyroid acropachy.

References

1 Means JH: Hyperophthalmic Graves’ disease. Ann Intern Med 1945;23:779–789.

2 Wiersinga WM, Smit T, van der Gaag R, Koornneef L: Temporal relationship between onset of Graves’ ophthalmopathy and onset of thyroidal Graves’ disease. J Endocrinol Invest 1988;11:615–619.

3 Piantanida E, Tanda ML, Lai A, Sassi L, Bartalena L: Prevalence and natural history of Graves’ orbitopathy in the XXI century. J Endocrinol Invest 2013;36:444–449.

4 Leo M, Menconi F, Rocchi R, Latrofa F, Sisti E, Profilo MA, Mazzi B, Albano E, Nardi M, Vitti P, Marcocci C, Marinò M: Role of the underlying thyroid disease on the phenotype of Graves’ orbitopathy in a tertiary referral center. Thyroid 2015;25:347–351.

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6 Perros P, Crombie AL, Kendall-Taylor P: Natural history of thyroid associated ophthalmopathy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1995;42:45–50.

7 Menconi F, Leo M, Vitti P, Marcocci C, Marinò M: Total thyroid ablation in Graves’ orbitopathy. J Endocrinol Invest 2015;38:809–815.

8 Prummel MF, Wiersinga WM, Mourits MP, Koornneef L, Berghout A, van der Gaag R: Effect of abnormal thyroid function on the severity of Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Arch Intern Med 1990;150:1098–1101.

9 Bahn RS: Graves’ ophthalmopathy. N Engl J Med 2010;362:726–738.

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11 Bartalena L, Marcocci C, Bogazzi F, Panicucci M, Lepri A, Pinchera A: Use of corticosteroids to prevent progression of Graves’ ophthalmopathy after radioiodine therapy for hyperthyroidism. N Engl J Med 1989;321:1349–1352.

12 Smith TJ: Pathogenesis of Graves’ orbitopathy: a 2010 update. J Endocrinol Invest 2010;33:414–421.

13 Smith TJ, Hoa N: Immunoglobulins from patients with Graves’ disease induce hyaluronan synthesis in their orbital fibroblasts through the self-antigen, insulin-like growth factor-I receptor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:5076–5080.

      14 Kumar S, Nadeem S, Stan MN, Coenen M, Bahn RS: A stimulatory TSH receptor antibody enhances adipogenesis via phosphoinositide 3-kinase activation in orbital preadipocytes from patients with Graves’ ophthalmopathy. J Mol Endocrinol 2011;46:155–163.

15 Turcu AF, Kumar S, Neumann S, Coenen M, Iyer S, Chiriboga P, Gershengorn MC, Bahn RS: A small molecule antagonist inhibits thyrotropin receptor antibody-induced orbital fibroblast functions involved in the pathogenesis of Graves ophthalmopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:2153–2159.

16 Eckstein AK, Plicht M, Lax H, Neuhäuser M, Mann K, Lederbogen S, Heckmann C, Esser J, Morgenthaler NG: Thyrotropin receptor autoantibodies are independent risk factors for Graves’ ophthalmopathy and help to predict severity and outcome of the disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91:3464–3470.

17 Moshkelgosha S, So PW, Deasy N, Diaz-Cano S, Banga JP: Cutting edge: retrobulbar inflammation, adipogenesis, and acute orbital congestion in a preclinical female mouse model of Graves’ orbitopathy induced by thyrotropin receptor plasmid-in vivo electroporation. Endocrinology 2013;154:3008–3015.

18 Smith TJ: TSH-receptor-expressing fibrocytes and thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2015;11:171–181.

19 Marinò M, Chiovato L, Lisi S, Altea MA, Marcocci C, Pinchera A: Role of thyroglobulin in the pathogenesis of Graves’ ophthalmopathy: the hypothesis of Kriss revisited. J Endocrinol Invest 2004;27:230–236.

20 Bartalena L, Fatourechi V: Extrathyroidal manifestations of Graves’ disease: a 2014 update. J Endocrinol Invest 2014;37:691–700.

      Dr. Michele Marinò

      Endocrinology Unit I, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine

      University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa

      Via Paradisa 2, IT–56124 Pisa (Italy)

      E-Mail [email protected]

       Diagnosis and Pathogenesis

      Wiersinga WM, Kahaly GJ (eds): Graves’ Orbitopathy: A Multidisciplinary Approach – Questions and Answers.

      Basel, Karger, 2017, pp 33–40 (DOI: 10.1159/000475947)

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Epidemiology

      Maria-Cristina Burlacu · Chantal Daumerie

      Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Université Catholique de Louvain, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium

What Is the Estimated Incidence and Prevalence of Graves’ Orbitopathy?