St. Pauli. Carles Vinas

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СКАЧАТЬ Its definitive opening did not take place until 1860 when a crowd of male and female residents rallied before it to celebrate the New Year. Until then a drawbridge allowed or prevented access to St. Pauli, thus giving the Hamburg bourgeoisie the power to show or hide the city’s shadiest and most mischievous suburb.

      13. In 1845, different groups of Hamburg workers came together to create the Bildungsverein für Arbeiter (Workers’ Education Club) – following similar examples in Leipzig or Berlin. This involved workers and craftspeople and encouraging proletarian awareness and culture through education.

      14. In May 1875, after the Gotha Congress was held, the Socialist Workers’ Party of Germany (Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands, SAPD), the forerunner to the German Social Democratic Party (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschland, SPD) – the name used from 1891. One of the SAPD’s most prominent figures, the master carpenter August Bebel, labelled Hamburg as ‘socialism’s capital’. Almost two decades later, in 1890, the city had 84 active trade unions made up of 40,000 workers. Six years later, its port workers went on strike for eleven weeks to defend their rights and were joined by 16,000 workers. This was the first big mobilisation of the local workers’ movement.

      15. In 1890, 57 per cent of the Hamburg population earned less than 800 marks a year, putting them below the poverty threshold. These working people even developed a specific dialect, called Kedelkloppersprook, widely used among the steamship crews that docked at Hamburg and the regulars at the Reeperbahn. This could be used to communicate despite the noise caused by the work being carried out in the area. It consisted of placing the first consonant of a syllable at the end and adding an ‘i’ to it. Rondinelli, Ribelli, Sociali e Romantici, p. 26.

      16. Ibid., p. 26 and Petroni, St. Pauli siamo noi, p. 23.

      17. In those years playing football was seen as ‘an elitist affair lacking any ethical or philosophical value’, a reason why it did not become a mass sport until it spread among the urban working class. Rondinelli, Ribelli, Sociali e Romantici, p. 26.

      18. That year the team played two matches as part of a gymnastics festival, both against the same team: the Aegir swimming club. While the first ended in a 1–1 draw, in the second St. Pauli thrashed the swimmers 7–1.

      19. As time has progressed, the brown and white has been combined with other colours, such as black and red. The brown-white colour scheme is uncommon among football strips. There are only six other teams in the world that use it: Argentina’s Club Atlético Platense, Poland’s RKS Garbarnia Kraków, the USA’s Brown Bears, Norway’s FK 0rn-Horten and two other Hamburg clubs (FTSV Komet Blankanese von 1907 e.V and SV Billstedt-Horn 1891). C. Nagel and M. Pahl, FC St. Pauli. Das Buch: Der Verein und sein Viertel, (Hamburg: Hoffman und Campe, 2009).

      20. [Translator’s note]: non-established refers to the anti-establishment side to the club.

      21. This pitch, equipped as a stadium in 1890 on some land previously occupied by the Prussian army as a parade ground, hosted the final of the first German football tournament. This was on 31 May 1903 when VFB Leipzig defeated DFC Prague 7–2 and was proclaimed the first champion in the history of German football. Before being adapted, it was a grass field used by different teams for football matches. Not for nothing the same space included up to nine playing fields. Moreover, it was the headquarters for clubs such as FC Altona 93, SC Sperber Hamburg, FC Viktoria Hamburg, SC Germania Hamburg and HFC 88. After the First World War the space stopped accommodating football matches as the existing clubs had already built their respective stadiums.

      22. In Lower Saxony’s capital St. Pauli played against a squad of the city’s sailors, who beat the visitors 5–0.

      23. In the Nordic country the club played two matches against Svendborg – from southern Funen and created in 1901. In both, the Sankt Paulianers were thrashed: 6–0 and 6–2.

      24. It was only on 15 May 1910 that a section specifically devoted to football was created within the club’s Spiel und Sportabteilung department. Rondinelli, Ribelli, Sociali e Romantici, p. 70.

      25. As a result of the victorious Bolshevik revolution in Russia and in the midst of attempts to bring about a truce, on 29 October 1918 the crew of the fleets quartered at these two places mutinied. This was against orders from Admiral Reinnard Scheer (commander of the Kaiserliche Marine) to prepare for an imminent naval battle against the British fleet in the English Channel. The German sailors did not want to give up their lives in a war they believed was already lost and refused to obey their officers. They then took control of events through the revolutionary committees they had created. The mutiny began aboard the ships Thüringen and Helgoland, moored at Wilhelmshaven, the headquarters of the German fleet. Their example spread to other coastal garrisons and also to the country’s interior. In Hamburg some sailors managed to get hold of a torpedo boat and control the port area after clashing with patrol guards. Yet the rebellion was neutralised by coinciding with the end of the war (after Socialist Chancellor Friedrich Ebert ordered troops to demobilise).

      26. This episode was not the only of its kind in the country. Years before, in 1906, a struggle broke out against a government measure that became known as wahltrechsraub (theft of suffrage), which increased the fee charged for gaining citizenship. This led the SPD to call a political strike for the first time in its history: a day that became known as Red Wednesday (Der Rotte Mittwoch). In Hamburg a march by 30,000 people managed to get into the Town Hall, which led to a violent police response. Social Democrat members tried to calm down tensions. Meanwhile the port workers raised barricades and threw stones at the security forces, while they looted jewellers and other businesses in the city centre. In the end one police charge after another ended the riots. Two demonstrators lost their lives from being hit by police sabres, while dozens more got injured or arrested. Fifty of those arrested were given between five and ten months in prison.

      27. Included in its shield are white and black: the colours worn by SC Germania – one of the teams that merged to form HSV Additionally the shield’s diamond shape recalls the traditional symbol of the city’s sea traders.

      28. This was the federation between northern German cities such as Lübeck and Hamburg and German traders from the Baltic Sea, the Netherlands, Norway and Britain. Created in 1158 to protect and promote common trade interests, it obtained important trading privileges. The Diet or Hansetag – a kind of council made up of delegates from different member cities – governed it. It began disintegrating in the fifteenth century as a result of Dutch and British maritime power. It languished after the Thirty Years’ War (1618–48) until its privileges were definitively revoked after Adolf Hitler’s rise to power in 1934. See A. Cowan, Hanseatic League: Oxford Research Guide (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), and J. Schildhauer, The Hansa: History and Culture (New York: Dorset Press, 1988).

      29. From August to September 1923, St. Pauli’s dockers led different industrial disputes. Increases in the prices of basic products, which reached a high of 662.6 per cent, and unemployment stirred discontent, which turned into violent revolt. Clashes with the security forces were accompanied by looting of food shops. In response to these events, the Hamburg SPD told workers to go back to work, and the Communist KPD, surprised by the mobilisations, failed to join them. The government under Chancellor Gustav Stresemann decreed martial law to re-establish order. This came into effect on 26 September, while ‘proletarian defence’ governments had been formed in Saxony and Thuringia. Because of the magnitude of the events the government mobilised the army. In Hamburg, on 23 October, around 2,000 armed men attacked 20 police stations. All of this was part of an insurrectional plan dreamed up by the KPD’s Thälmann, who was ignoring his own party’s instructions. In the days prior to the insurrection the call to act had been spreading by word of mouth around St. Pauli’s port and factories. On the chosen day the workers went on to the streets. Cut off from the rest of country СКАЧАТЬ