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СКАЧАТЬ assumption that Jesus was not in fact fully human, a form of the Docetic heresy which denies the real form of Jesus’ physical suffering. Refusal to accept that Jesus could have been sexually abused suggests a refusal to accept Christ’s full incarnation into human history. To say that Jesus could not have been vulnerable to the worst abuses of human power is to deny that he was truly human at all.

      At the pastoral level, confronting the possibility of sexual abuse in the passion of Christ could provide practical help to contemporary victims of torture and sexual abuse. Recognition of sexual abuse in the treatment of Jesus could bring a liberating and healing message to the women, children and men of Latin America, and elsewhere, who have also been abused. The acceptance that even Jesus may have suffered evil in this way can give new dignity and self-respect to those who continue to struggle with the stigma and other consequences of sexual abuse. A God who through Christ is to be identified with the hungry, the thirsty, the stranger, the naked, the sick and the imprisoned (Matt. 25.31–46) is also to be identified with those suffering abuse and torture in the contemporary world.

      Conclusion

      Despite the potential pitfalls, the dynamics of state terror in Latin America and other countries can be a fruitful starting point for insights into the Gospels. An awareness of human rights abuses in Latin America can yield important insights into the political context and full horror of Jesus’ crucifixion. The role of crucifixions in the production and maintenance of state terror and the element of sexual abuse in Roman practices require further investigation. The Gospels indicate a high level of public sexual humiliation in the treatment of Jesus and the closed walls of the praetorium present a disturbing question about what else might have happened inside.

      References

      Archdiocese of Sao Paulo, Torture in Brazil: A Report by the Archdiocese of São Paulo, New York: Vintage Books, 1986.

      Boff, Clodovis, Theology and Praxis: Epistemological Foundations, Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1987.

      Brown, Raymond E., Death of the Messiah, New York: Doubleday, 1994.

      Corradi, Juan E., Patricia W. Fagen and Manuel A. Garretón, eds, Fear at the Edge: State Terror and Resistance in Latin America, Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 1992.

      Graziano, Francisco, Divine Violence: Spectacle, Psychosexuality, and Radical Christianity in the Argentine ‘Dirty War’, Oxford: Westview Press, 1992.

      Hengel, Martin, Crucifixion in the Ancient World and the Folly of the Cross, Philadelphia, PA: Fortress Press; London: SCM Press, 1977.

      Josephus, The Jewish War, trans. G. A. Willon, revised ed., Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1970.

      Moore, Stephen D., God’s Gym: Divine Male Bodies of the Bible, New York: Routledge, 1996.

      National Commission on Disappeared People, Nunca Más: A Report by Argentina’s National Commission on Disappeared People, Boston, MA, and London: Faber and Faber, 1986.

      National Commission on Truth and Reconciliation, Report of the Chilean National Commission on Truth and Reconciliation, Notre Dame, IN: Centre for Civil and Human Rights, Notre Dame Law School, 1993.

      Scarry, Elaine, The Body in Pain: The Making and Unmaking of the World, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985.

      Segovia, Fernando F., ‘Jesus as Victim of State Terror: A Critical Reflection Twenty Years Later’, in Crucifixion, State Terror, and Sexual Abuse: Text and Context, ed. David Tombs, Dunedin: Centre for Theology and Public Issues, University of Otago, 2018; http://hdl.handle.net/10523/8558.

      Sloyan, Gerard S., The Crucifixion of Jesus: History, Myth, Faith, Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 1995.

      Tombs, David, ‘Crucifixion, State Terror, and Sexual Abuse’, Union Seminary Quarterly Review 53:1–2 (1999), pp. 89–109.

      –––, ‘Prisoner Abuse: From Abu Ghraib to The Passion of The Christ’, in Religion and the Politics of Peace and Conflict, eds Linda Hogan and Dylan Lee Lehrke, Princeton, NJ: Princeton Theological Monograph Series, 2009, pp. 179–205.

      –––, ‘Silent No More: Sexual Violence in Conflict as a Challenge to the Worldwide Church’, Acta Theologica 34:2 (December 2014), pp. 142–60.

      –––, ‘Crucificação e abuso sexual’, Estudos Teológicos 59:1 (July 2019), pp. 119–32.

      Trexler, Richard, Sex and Conquest: Gendered Violence, Political Order, and the European Conquest of the Americas, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995.

      United Nations Commission on Truth for El Salvador, From Madness to Hope: The Twelve Years War in El Salvador: Report of the Commission on Truth for El Salvador, 1992–93, New York: United Nations, 1993.

      Notes

1 This chapter is an abridged version of David Tombs, ‘Crucifixion, State Terror, and Sexual Abuse’, Union Seminary Quarterly Review, 53:1–2 (Autumn 1999), pp. 89–109. The central argument was first presented as David Tombs, ‘Biblical Interpretation in Latin America: Crucifixion, State Terror, and Sexual Abuse’ in the Biblical Hermeneutics Section at the Society of Biblical Literature International Conference, 20 July 1998, Krakow, Poland. An abridgement was first published in Portuguese as David Tombs, ‘Crucificação e abuso sexual’, Estudos Teológicos 59:1 (July 2019), pp. 119–32, and republished as Crucifixion and Sexual Abuse (Dunedin: Centre for Theology and Public Issues, University of Otago, 2019), http://hdl.handle.net/10523/9834 (English); http://hdl.handle.net/10523/9843 (Spanish); http://hdl.handle.net/10523/9846 (French); http://hdl.handle.net/10523/9924 (German). This chapter version includes a few further minor amendments to the 2019 versions but the text is primarily intended to summarize the 1999 article rather than to reflect further developments since then. I hope to address further developments in David Tombs, The Crucifixion of Jesus: Torture, Sexual Abuse, and the Scandal of the Cross (London: Routledge, forthcoming).

2 See Fernando F. Segovia, ‘Jesus as Victim of State Terror: A Critical Reflection Twenty Years Later’, in David Tombs, Crucifixion, State Terror, and Sexual Abuse: Text and Context (Dunedin: Centre for Theology and Public Issues, University of Otago, 2018); http://hdl.handle.net/10523/8558.

3 For one of the most sophisticated and sustained developments of a contextual hermeneutic, see Clodovis Boff, Theology and Praxis: Epistemological Foundations (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1987). Boff’s approach recognizes both the similarities and differences between the contemporary Latin American context and the biblical world.

4 David Tombs, ‘Silent No More: Sexual Violence in Conflict as a Challenge to the Worldwide Church’, Acta Theologica 34:2 (2014), pp. 142–60.

5 On state terror and sexual abuses in Latin American torture in the 1970s and 1980s, see further discussion in Tombs, Crucifixion, State Terror, and Sexual Abuse. On reading crucifixion СКАЧАТЬ