Wind Energy Handbook. Michael Barton Graham

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СКАЧАТЬ structurally more efficient blade cross‐section has been adopted for the trial blade design, while retaining the existing plan‐form. New figures have been added showing effect of yaw and wind shear on blade root bending moments for a pitch‐regulated turbine.

      Chapter 6: Conceptual Design of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines New sections have been added covering high‐speed rotors, low induction rotors, multiple rotor structures, and the effect of the number of blades on C_P. Also the initial sections on choice of machine size and rating have been amended to reflect the growth in turbine size. The section on generators has been expanded to include innovative approaches to drive trains and power conversion.

      Chapter 7: Component Design The section on blade design has undergone major revision and expansion, including a more detailed treatment of the static and fatigue properties of laminates. A simplified example of the fatigue design of a blade with spar caps is presented to illustrate the steps involved. The manufacturing process is described in more detail and new sub‐sections on blade testing, leading edge erosion, and bend‐twist coupling have been added.

      Chapter 8: The Controller New sections have been added to cover wind speed estimation and LiDAR‐assisted control.

      Chapter 9: Wake Effects and Wind Farm Control – see above.

      Chapter 10: Onshore Wind Turbine Installations and Wind Farms (previously Chapter 9) This chapter has been revised and updated to take account of important developments in understanding and managing the environmental impact of wind energy developments. Since the second edition, there has been a considerable increase in the literature on environmental impact and in the sophistication of software tools for the effective, sustainable development of wind farms.

      Chapter 11: Wind Energy and the Electric Power System (previously Chapter 10) Wind energy is an increasingly important source of electricity generation, and practice for connecting turbines and wind farms to the network and integrating their operation is developing rapidly. The chapter has been revised and updated to address these important developments, including evolving Grid Code requirements and the increasing integration of wind energy into power system operation.

Chapter 12: Offshore Wind Turbines and Wind Farms (previously Chapter 11) The introductory section has been updated to chart recent growth of installed capacity and trends in levelised cost of energy, while the Contract for Difference support mechanism is explained in a new appendix. The section on the offshore wind resource has been extended to include recent research on wake losses, their spatial extent downwind, and the wind farm blockage effect.

      Floating offshore wind turbines offer the opportunity to dramatically increase the exploitable resource, and the technology is now moving beyond the prototype stage, with several pilot wind farms already in operation. A new section on floating offshore wind turbine structures has therefore been added, encompassing different configurations, governing design criteria and design methods. Three case studies are also included.

      The section on monopile design has been extended to include the new approach to geotechnical design made possible by the PISA research project. The description of different types of fixed support structure has been updated to reflect current developments and a new section added covering fatigue design curves.

      Publicly funded monitoring programmes have enabled much to be learned about the environmental impacts of offshore wind farms, and some of these findings are reported in a new section on environmental monitoring. Finally, the section on power collection and transmission has been updated to describe the use of modular multi‐level convertors for HVdc transmission.

      Acknowledgements for the First Edition

A large number of individuals have assisted the authors in a variety of ways in the preparation of this work. In particular, however, we would like to thank David Infield for providing some of the content of Chapter 4, David Quarton for scrutinising and commenting on Chapter 5, Mark Hancock, Martin Ansell, and Colin Anderson for supplying information and guidance on blade material properties reported in Chapter 7, and Ray Hicks for insights into gear design. Thanks are also due to Roger Haines and Steve Gilkes for illuminating discussions on yaw drive design and braking philosophy, respectively, and to James Shawler for assistance and discussions about Chapter 3.

      We have made extensive use of ETSU and Risø publications and record our thanks to these organisations for making documents available to us free of charge and sanctioning the reproduction of some of the material therein.

      While acknowledging the help we have received from the organisations and individuals referred to above, the responsibility for the work is ours alone, so corrections and/or constructive criticisms would be welcome.

      Extracts from British Standards reproduced with the permission of the British Standards Institution under licence number 2001/SK0281. Complete Standards are available from BSI Customer Services (Tel +44 (0) 20 8996 9001).

      Acknowledgements for the Second Edition

The second edition benefited greatly from the continuing help and support provided by many who had assisted in the first edition. However, the authors are also grateful to the many individuals not involved in the first edition who provided advice and expertise for the second, especially in relation to the new offshore chapter. In particular the authors wish to acknowledge the contribution of Rose King to the discussion of offshore electric systems, based on her PhD thesis, and of Tim Camp to the discussion of offshore support structure loading. Thanks are also due to Bieshoy Awad for the drawings of electrical generator systems, Rebecca Barthelmie and Wolfgang Schlez for advice on offshore wake effects, Joe Phillips for his contribution to the offshore wind resource, Sven Eric Thor for provision of insights and illustrations from the Lillgrund wind farm, Marc Seidel for information on jacket structures, Jan Wienke for discussion of breaking wave loads, and Ben Hendricks for his input on turbine costs in relation to size.

      In addition, several individuals took on the onerous task of scrutinising sections of the draft text. The authors are particularly grateful to Tim Camp for examining the sections on design loading, on‐ and offshore, Colin Morgan for providing useful comments on the sections dealing with support structures, and Graeme McCann for vetting sections on the extrapolation of extreme loads from simulations and monopile fatigue analysis in the frequency domain. Nevertheless, responsibility for any errors remains with the authors. (In this connection, thanks are due to those who have pointed out errors in the first edition.)

      Tony Burton would also like to record his thanks to Martin Kuhn and Wim Bierbooms for providing copies of their PhD theses – entitled, respectively, ‘Dynamics and Design Optimisation of Offshore Wind Energy Conversion Systems’ and ‘Constrained Stochastic Simulation of Wind Gusts for Wind Turbine Design’ – both of which proved invaluable in the preparation of this work.

      Acknowledgements for the Third Edition

The authors would like to acknowledge the assistance provided by the many colleagues and individuals in the wider wind energy community who have shared their knowledge and expertise. СКАЧАТЬ