The Politics of Incremental Progressivism. Группа авторов

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СКАЧАТЬ International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 35 (1): 1–23.

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      Notes

      1 1 Demographic data relative to 2019 (Seade 2019) and all other data relative to 2018 (infocidade.prefeitura.sp.gov.br and observasampa.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/gestao‐publica).

      2 2 www.londoncouncils.gov.uk/node/31572 and https://council.nyc.gov/budget/fy2016.

      3 3 www.saopaulo.sp.leg.br/vereadores.

      4 4 The literature on service delivery, on the other hand, presents good accounts of the conditions under which services can be improved and delivered in Southern countries. However, these studies analyze national and regional transformations, indicators and processes in countries such as South Africa (Khosa 2000; McLennan and Munslow 2009; Palmer et al. 2017), India (Vivek 2015) and Brazil (Tendler 1997). This literature has illuminated several essential processes, but cities participate merely as scales of data aggregation, even in the case of indicators of their technical capacities.

      5 5 The comparative network involves colleagues from University College London, Sciences Po, Colegio de México and the University of Milano Bicocca, with Professors Patrick Le Galès, Mike Raco, Claire Colomb, Vicente Ugalde and Alberta Andreotti, Tommaso Vitale, among others.

      6 6 It is relevant to add Holland’s (2018b) arguments refining this hypothesis for young democracies with the so‐called truncated welfare states in Latin America. The author sustains that when welfare policies mainly and continuously benefit the middle classes and the rich more than the poor, the political calculus of each of these groups happens differently. The rich, and not the poor, would favor redistribution, changing the support for welfare state formation and political parties. The argument is compelling but seems more appropriate to Brazil before the 1990s when the so‐called regulated citizenship (Santos 1979) was still central. Since then, many expansions of rights and policies have taken place, regardless of all the problems they still present (Arretche 2018). Therefore, it is the poor that recognize themselves in social policies in contemporary Brazil, as some studies have been showing (Arretche et al. 2016).

      7 7 Despite a large number of political parties in Brazil, classifying them (and governments) within an ideological continuum is not tricky. We follow widely used classifications produced from party behavior in Congress. These are also consistent with surveys among СКАЧАТЬ