Building an Effective Security Program for Distributed Energy Resources and Systems. Mariana Hentea

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СКАЧАТЬ of Smart Grid domains and the relationships among these elements. The model is a tool for identifying the standards and protocols needed to ensure interoperability and cybersecurity and defining and developing architectures for systems and subsystems within the Smart Grid.

      Interoperability of a Smart Grid is the ability of diverse systems to work together, use the compatible parts, exchange information or equipment from each other, and work cooperatively to perform tasks. It enables integration, effective cooperation, and two‐way communications among the many interconnected elements of the Smart Grid.

The viewpoint depicted in the diagram provides a high‐level, overarching logical architecture representation of a few major relationships that existing applications have to Smart Grid domains. This diagram suggests what their possible communication paths could be in a Smart Grid. It is also a useful way to identify potential intra‐ and inter‐domain interactions between existing and new applications, along with capabilities enabled by these interactions.

To enable the Smart Grid functionality, the actors in a particular domain often interact with actors in other domains. Actors are devices, systems, or programs that make decisions and exchange information necessary for executing applications within the Smart Grid. Actors have the capability to make decisions and to exchange information with other actors. Organizations may have actors in more than one domain. Figure 1.9 illustrates a composite view of actors within domains of the conceptual reference model.

Figure 1.9 View of the actors within domains of NIST conceptual reference model.

      Source: [NISTIR 7628r1].

      Public Domain.

Information about the actors associated with the NIST conceptual reference model is provided in [NISTIR 7628r1], [NIST SP1108r3]. Table 1.2 includes a list of selected actors and their description.

Table 1.2 Actor descriptions for the logical reference model.

      Source: [NISTIR 7628r1]. Public Domain.

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Actor no	Acronym	Actor	Actor description
1	DCS	Plant control system – distributed control system	A local control system at a bulk generation plant. This is sometimes called a distributed control system (DCS)
2		Customer	An entity that pays for electrical goods or services. A customer of a utility, including customers who provide more power than they consume
3		Customer appliances and equipment	A device or instrument designed to perform a specific function, especially an electrical device, such as a toaster, for household use. An electric appliance or machinery that may have the ability to be monitored, controlled, and/or displayed
4	DER	Distributed energy resources (customer generation and storage)	Energy generation resources, such as solar or wind, used to generate and store energy (located on a customer site) to interface to the controller (home area network/business area network [HAN/BAN]) to perform an energy‐related activity
5	EMS	Energy management system	An application service or device that communicates with devices in the home. The application service or device may have interfaces to the meter to read usage data or to the operations domain to get pricing or other information to make automated or manual decisions to control energy consumption more efficiently. The EMS may be a utility subscription service, a third‐party offered service, a consumer‐specified policy, a consumer‐owned device, or a manual control by the utility or consumer
6	PEV/EVSE	Plug‐in electric vehicle/electric vehicle service element	PEV is a vehicle propelled by an electric motor and powered by a rechargeable battery. It can be recharged using an external power source. When the external power source is the power grid, the EV is connected through the EVSE that provides power and communication
7	HAN Gateway	Home Area Network Gateway	An interface between the distribution, operations, service provider, and customer domains and the devices within the customer domain
8		Meter	Point‐of‐sale device used for the transfer of product and measuring usage from one domain/system to another
9		Customer Premise Display	A device that displays usage and cost data to the customer on location
11		Water/gas metering	A point‐of‐sale device used for the transfer of product (water and gas) and measuring usage from one domain/system to another
12		Distribution data collector	A data concentrator collecting data from multiple sources and modifying/transforming it
13		Distributed intelligence capabilities	Advanced automated/intelligence application that operates in a normally autonomous mode from the centralized control system to increase reliability and responsiveness
15	RTU/IED	Distribution remote terminal unit/intelligent electronic device	Receives data from sensors and power equipment and can issue control commands, such as tripping circuit breakers, if voltage, current, or frequency anomalies are identified, RTUs and/or IEDs can raise/lower voltage levels to maintain the desired voltage range
17	GIS	Geographic information system	A spatial asset management system that provides utilities with asset information and network connectivity for advanced applications
18		Distribution sensor	A device that measures a physical process and converts it into a signal that can be read by an observer or by an instrument