The 2008 CIA World Factbook. United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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СКАЧАТЬ - the Middle East Telecommunications Project of the

       International Telecommunications Union (ITU) providing a modern

       telecommunications network, primarily by microwave radio relay, linking

       Algeria, Djibouti, Egypt, Jordan, Libya, Morocco, Saudi Arabia,

       Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, and Yemen; it was initially started in

       Morocco in 1970 by the Arab Telecommunications Union (ATU) and was

       known at that time as the Middle East Mediterranean Telecommunications

       Network.

      Microwave radio relay - transmission of long distance telephone calls and television programs by highly directional radio microwaves that are received and sent on from one booster station to another on an optical path.

      NMT - Nordic Mobile Telephone; an analog cellular telephone system that was developed jointly by the national telecommunications authorities of the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden).

      Orbita - a Russian television service; also the trade name of a packet- switched digital telephone network.

      Radiotelephone communications - the two-way transmission and reception of sounds by broadcast radio on authorized frequencies using telephone handsets.

      PanAmSat - PanAmSat Corporation (Greenwich, CT).

      SAFE - South African Far East Cable

      Satellite communication system - a communication system consisting of two or more earth stations and at least one satellite that provide long distance transmission of voice, data, and television; the system usually serves as a trunk connection between telephone exchanges; if the earth stations are in the same country, it is a domestic system.

      Satellite earth station - a communications facility with a microwave radio transmitting and receiving antenna and required receiving and transmitting equipment for communicating with satellites.

      Satellite link - a radio connection between a satellite and an earth station permitting communication between them, either one-way (down link from satellite to earth station - television receive-only transmission) or two-way (telephone channels).

      SHF - super high frequency; any radio frequency in the 3,000- to 30,000-MHz range.

      Shortwave - radio frequencies (from 1.605 to 30 MHz) that fall above the commercial broadcast band and are used for communication over long distances.

      Solidaridad - geosynchronous satellites in Mexico's system of international telecommunications in the Western Hemisphere.

      Statsionar - Russia's geostationary system for satellite telecommunications.

      Submarine cable - a cable designed for service under water.

      TAT - Trans-Atlantic Telephone; any of a number of high-capacity submarine coaxial telephone cables linking Europe with North America.

      Telefax - facsimile service between subscriber stations via the public switched telephone network or the international Datel network.

      Telegraph - a telecommunications system designed for unmodulated electric impulse transmission.

      Telex - a communication service involving teletypewriters connected by wire through automatic exchanges.

      Tropospheric scatter - a form of microwave radio transmission in which the troposphere is used to scatter and reflect a fraction of the incident radio waves back to earth; powerful, highly directional antennas are used to transmit and receive the microwave signals; reliable over-the-horizon communications are realized for distances up to 600 miles in a single hop; additional hops can extend the range of this system for very long distances.

      Trunk network - a network of switching centers, connected by multichannel trunk lines.

      UHF - ultra high frequency; any radio frequency in the 300- to 3,000-

       MHz range.

      VHF - very high frequency; any radio frequency in the 30- to 300-MHz range.

      Telephones - main lines in use: This entry gives the total number of main telephone lines in use.

      Telephones - mobile cellular: This entry gives the total number of mobile cellular telephone subscribers.

      Television broadcast stations: This entry gives the total number of separate broadcast stations plus any repeater stations.

      Terminology: Due to the highly structured nature of the Factbook database, some collective generic terms have to be used. For example, the word Country in the Country name entry refers to a wide variety of dependencies, areas of special sovereignty, uninhabited islands, and other entities in addition to the traditional countries or independent states. Military is also used as an umbrella term for various civil defense, security, and defense activities in many entries. The Independence entry includes the usual colonial independence dates and former ruling states as well as other significant nationhood dates such as the traditional founding date or the date of unification, federation, confederation, establishment, or state succession that are not strictly independence dates. Dependent areas have the nature of their dependency status noted in this same entry.

      Terrain: This entry contains a brief description of the topography.

      Time difference: This entry is expressed in The World Factbook in two ways. First, it is stated as the difference in hours between the capital of an entity and Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) during Standard Time. Additionally, the difference in time between the capital of an entity and that observed in Washington, D.C. is also provided. Note that the time difference assumes both locations are simultaneously observing Standard Time or Daylight Saving Time.

      Time zones: Ten countries (Australia, Brazil, Canada, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Mexico, New Zealand, Russia, Spain, and the United States) and the island of Greenland observe more than one official time depending on the number of designated time zones within their boundaries. An illustration of time zones throughout the world and within countries can be seen in the Standard Time Zones of the World map included in the Reference Maps section of The World Factbook.

      Total fertility rate: This entry gives a figure for the average number of children that would be born per woman if all women lived to the end of their childbearing years and bore children according to a given fertility rate at each age. The total fertility rate (TFR) is a more direct measure of the level of fertility than the crude birth rate, since it refers to births per woman. This indicator shows the potential for population change in the country. A rate of two children per woman is considered the replacement rate for a population, resulting in relative stability in terms of total numbers. Rates above two children indicate populations growing in size and whose median age is declining. Higher rates may also indicate difficulties for families, in some situations, to feed and educate their children and for women to enter the labor force. Rates below two children indicate populations decreasing in size and growing older. Global fertility rates are in general decline and this trend is most pronounced in industrialized countries, especially Western Europe, where populations are projected to decline dramatically over the next 50 years.

      Total renewable water resources: This entry provides the long-term average water availability for a country in cubic kilometers of precipitation, recharged ground water, and surface СКАЧАТЬ