The 1999 CIA World Factbook. United States. Central Intelligence Agency

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СКАЧАТЬ are tied to the French franc) devalued their currencies by 50%. This move, of course, did not cut the real output of these countries by half. One important caution: the proportion of, say, defense expenditures as a percentage of GDP in local currency accounts may differ substantially from the proportion when GDP accounts are expressed in PPP terms, as, for example, when an observer tries to estimate the dollar level of Russian or Japanese military expenditures. Note: the numbers for GDP and other economic data can not be chained together from successive volumes of the Factbook because of changes in the US dollar measuring rod, revisions of data by statistical agencies, use of new or different sources of information, and changes in national statistical methods and practices. For statistical series on GDP and other economic variables, see the Handbook of International Economic Statistics available from the same sources as The World Factbook.

      GDP—composition by sector: This entry gives the percentage contribution of agriculture, industry, and services to total GDP.

      GDP—per capita: This entry shows GDP on a purchasing power parity basis divided by population as of 1 July for the same year.

      GDP—real growth rate: This entry gives GDP growth on an annual basis adjusted for inflation and expressed as a percent.

      Geographic coordinates: This entry includes rounded latitude and longitude figures for the purpose of finding the approximate geographic center of an entity and is based on the Gazetteer of Conventional Names, Third Edition, August 1988, US Board on Geographic Names and on other sources.

      Geographic names: This information is presented in Appendix H: Cross-Reference List of Geographic Names which indicates where various geographic names—including alternate names, former names, political or geographical portions of larger entities, and the location of all US Foreign Service posts—can be found in The World Factbook. Spellings are normally, but not always, those approved by the US Board on Geographic Names (BGN). Alternate names are included in parentheses, while additional information is included in brackets.

      Geography: This category includes the entries dealing with the natural environment and the effects of human activity.

      Geography—note: This entry includes miscellaneous geographic information of significance not included elsewhere.

      GNP: Gross national product (GNP) is the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year, plus income earned by its citizens abroad, minus income earned by foreigners from domestic production. The Factbook, following current practice, uses GDP rather than GNP to measure national production. However, the user must realize that in certain countries net remittances from citizens working abroad may be important to national well-being.

      Government: This category includes the entries dealing with the system for the adoption and administration of public policy.

      Government type: This entry gives the basic form of government (e.g., republic, constitutional monarchy, federal republic, parliamentary democracy, military dictatorship).

      Government—note: This entry includes miscellaneous government information of significance not included elsewhere.

      Gross domestic product: see GDP

      Gross national product: see GNP

      Gross world product: see GWP

      GWP: This entry gives the gross world product (GWP) or aggregate value of all final goods and services produced worldwide in a given year.

      Heliports: This entry gives the total number of established helicopter takeoff and landing sites (which may or may not have fuel or other services).

      Highways: This entry includes the total length of the highway system as well as the length of the paved and unpaved components.

      Household income or consumption by percentage share: Data on household income or consumption come from household surveys, the results adjusted for household size. Nations use different standards and procedures in collecting and adjusting the data. Surveys based on income will normally show a more unequal distribution than surveys based on consumption. The quality of surveys is improving with time, yet caution is still necessary in making inter-country comparisons.

      Illicit drugs: This entry gives information on the five categories of illicit drugs—narcotics, stimulants, depressants (sedatives), hallucinogens, and cannabis. These categories include many drugs legally produced and prescribed by doctors as well as those illegally produced and sold outside of medical channels.

      Cannabis (Cannabis sativa) is the common hemp plant, which provides hallucinogens with some sedative properties, and includes marijuana (pot, Acapulco gold, grass, reefer), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, Marinol), hashish (hash), and hashish oil (hash oil).

      Coca (mostly Erythroxylum coca) is a bush with leaves that contain the stimulant used to make cocaine. Coca is not to be confused with cocoa, which comes from cacao seeds and is used in making chocolate, cocoa, and cocoa butter.

      Cocaine is a stimulant derived from the leaves of the coca bush.

      Depressants (sedatives) are drugs that reduce tension and anxiety and include chloral hydrate, barbiturates (Amytal, Nembutal, Seconal, phenobarbital), benzodiazepines (Librium, Valium), methaqualone (Quaalude), glutethimide (Doriden), and others (Equanil, Placidyl, Valmid).

      Drugs are any chemical substances that effect a physical, mental, emotional, or behavioral change in an individual.

      Drug abuse is the use of any licit or illicit chemical substance that results in physical, mental, emotional, or behavioral impairment in an individual.

      Hallucinogens are drugs that affect sensation, thinking, self-awareness, and emotion. Hallucinogens include LSD (acid, microdot), mescaline and peyote (mexc, buttons, cactus), amphetamine variants (PMA, STP, DOB), phencyclidine (PCP, angel dust, hog), phencyclidine analogues (PCE, PCPy, TCP), and others (psilocybin, psilocyn).

      Hashish is the resinous exudate of the cannabis or hemp plant (Cannabis sativa).

      Heroin is a semisynthetic derivative of morphine.

      Mandrax is a trade name for methaqualone, a pharmaceutical depressant.

      Marijuana is the dried leaves of the cannabis or hemp plant

       (Cannabis sativa).

      Methaqualone is a pharmaceutical depressant, referred to as mandrax in Southwest Asia.

      Narcotics are drugs that relieve pain, often induce sleep, and refer to opium, opium derivatives, and synthetic substitutes. Natural narcotics include opium (paregoric, parepectolin), morphine (MS-Contin, Roxanol), codeine (Tylenol with codeine, Empirin with codeine, Robitussan AC), and thebaine. Semisynthetic narcotics include heroin (horse, smack), and hydromorphone (Dilaudid). Synthetic narcotics include meperidine or Pethidine (Demerol, Mepergan), methadone (Dolophine, Methadose), and others (Darvon, Lomotil).

      Opium is the brown, gummy exudate of the incised, unripe seedpod of the opium poppy.

      Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) is the source for the natural and semisynthetic narcotics.

      Poppy straw concentrate is the alkaloid derived from the mature, dried opium poppy.

      Qat (kat, khat) is a stimulant from the buds or leaves of

       Catha edulis that is chewed СКАЧАТЬ