The 1990 CIA World Factbook. United States. Central Intelligence Agency

Чтение книги онлайн.

СКАЧАТЬ area: slightly smaller than the US

      Land boundaries: none

      Coastline: 25,760 km

      Maritime claims:

      Contiguous zone: 12 nm;

      Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;

      Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;

      Territorial sea: 3 nm

      Disputes: territorial claim in Antarctica (Australian Antarctic Territory)

      Climate: generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in north

      Terrain: mostly low plateau with deserts; fertile plain in southeast

      Natural resources: bauxite, coal, iron ore, copper, tin, silver, uranium, nickel, tungsten, mineral sands, lead, zinc, diamonds, natural gas, crude oil

      Land use: 6% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 58% meadows and pastures; 14% forest and woodland; 22% other; includes NEGL% irrigated

      Environment: subject to severe droughts and floods; cyclones along coast; limited freshwater availability; irrigated soil degradation; regular, tropical, invigorating, sea breeze known as the doctor occurs along west coast in summer; desertification

      Note: world's smallest continent but sixth-largest country

      - People

       Population: 16,923,478 (July 1990), growth rate 1.3% (1990)

      Birth rate: 15 births/1,000 population (1990)

      Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1990)

      Net migration rate: 6 migrants/1,000 population (1990)

      Infant mortality rate: 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)

      Life expectancy at birth: 73 years male, 80 years female (1990)

      Total fertility rate: 1.8 children born/woman (1990)

      Nationality: noun—Australian(s); adjective—Australian

      Ethnic divisions: 95% Caucasian, 4% Asian, 1% Aboriginal and other

      Religion: 26.1% Anglican, 26.0% Roman Catholic, 24.3% other Christian

      Language: English, native languages

      Literacy: 98.5%

      Labor force: 7,700,000; 33.8% finance and services, 22.3% public and community services, 20.1% wholesale and retail trade, 16.2% manufacturing and industry, 6.1% agriculture (1987)

      Organized labor: 42% of labor force (1988)

      - Government

       Long-form name: Commonwealth of Australia

      Type: federal parliamentary state

      Capital: Canberra

      Administrative divisions: 6 states and 2 territories*; Australian

       Capital Territory*, New South Wales, Northern Territory*, Queensland,

       South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

      Dependent areas: Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island,

       Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald

       Islands, Norfolk Island

      Independence: 1 January 1901 (federation of UK colonies)

      Constitution: 9 July 1900, effective 1 January 1901

      Legal system: based on English common law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

      National holiday: Australia Day (last Monday in January), 29 January 1990

      Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet

      Legislative branch: bicameral Federal Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or House of Representatives

      Judicial branch: High Court

      Leaders: Chief of State—Queen ELIZABETH II (since February 1952), represented by Governor General William George HAYDEN (since NA February 1989);

      Head of Government—Prime Minister Robert James Lee HAWKE (since 11 March 1983); Deputy Prime Minister Paul KEATING (since 3 April 1990)

      Political parties and leaders: government—Australian Labor

       Party, Robert Hawke; opposition—Liberal Party, Andrew Peacock;

       National Party, Charles Blunt; Australian Democratic Party, Janine Haines

      Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18

      Elections: Senate—last held 11 July 1987 (next to be held by 12 May 1990); results—Labor 43%, Liberal-National 42%, Australian Democrats 8%, independents 2%; seats—(76 total) Labor 32, Liberal-National 34, Australian Democrats 7, independents 3;

      House of Representatives—last held 24 March 1990 (next to be held by November 1993); results—Labor 39.7%, Liberal-National 43%, Australian Democrats and independents 11.1%; seats—(148 total) Labor 78, Liberal-National 69, independent 1

      Communists: 4,000 members (est.)

      Other political or pressure groups: Australian Democratic Labor Party (anti-Communist Labor Party splinter group); Peace and Nuclear Disarmament Action (Nuclear Disarmament Party splinter group)

      Member of: ADB, AIOEC, ANZUS, CCC, CIPEC (associate), Colombo Plan,

       Commonwealth, DAC, ESA, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IATP, IBA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,

       ICO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, ILZSG, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC,

       IPU, IRC, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC—International Whaling Commission,

       IWC—International Wheat Council, OECD, SPF, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,

       WSG

      Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Michael J. COOK; Chancery at 1601 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20036; telephone (202) 797–3000; there are Australian Consulates General in Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, Pago Pago (American Samoa), and San Francisco; US—Ambassador Melvin F. SEMBLER; Moonah Place, Yarralumla, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600 (mailing address is APO San Francisco 6404); telephone p61o (62) 705000; there are US Consulates General in Melbourne, Perth, and Sydney, and a Consulate in Brisbane

      Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and a large seven-pointed star in the lower hoist-side quadrant; the remaining half is a representation of the Southern Cross constellation in white with one small five-pointed star and four, larger, seven-pointed stars

      - Economy Overview: СКАЧАТЬ