Maple Sugaring. David K. Leff

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      McFarland plopped a couple of containers onto the table. Inside appeared to be sawdust. “Frass,” he said—a mixture of gnawed wood and bug poop that developing larvae push onto the ground or nearby limbs as they burrow inside a tree. It’s one of the telltale signs of ALB, produced during the larval stage when the insects gnaw deep into heartwood to feed on nutrients and carve their network of tunnels. I thought frass might be McFarland’s ultimate piece of ALB evidence, but he carefully placed a two-foot-tall log in front of me. It had been cut in quarters the long way and then hinged so that it opened to display interior ALB carvings, intricate lacunae of oval and linear excavations that left the branch a hollowed shell.

      Soon we were in a small, dark car with government plates, prowling a predominately single-family middle-class neighborhood barren of trees except for a few spindly saplings at roadside. It had the stark vibe of a fresh subdivision carved into cropland, though the houses had been occupied for at least a couple of generations. McFarland sighed as he showed me photographs taken before the infestation. It had been a handsome street of overarching, mature shade trees. As in much of Worcester, red and Norway maples were common, and once infested they had to come down. They had been replaced by ALB-resistant oaks and other seedlings, but it would be years before those trees cast substantial shadows on the pavement and homes. These new plantings were among tens of thousands being established, including spruce and other evergreens, dogwood and crab apple—signs of perseverance and hope that ALB eradication efforts will not leave these areas naked. Still, the neighborhoods will never look the same without their colorful fall maples, showy spring horse-chestnut flowers, and white birch trunks.

      A native of Asia, ALB landed in this country hidden in pallets and shipping crates from the Far East. No one knows when it arrived, but it was first discovered in 1996 in the Greenpoint area of Brooklyn, New York. Since then, it has been found in other nearby areas of New York, the northern New Jersey suburbs, and in and around Chicago. Although ALB was officially declared eradicated in Chicago and parts of New Jersey by 2008 (the same year the Worcester beetles were discovered), a new infestation was found in 2011 in southern Ohio not far from Cincinnati. An infestation in Boston and Brookline that covered ten square miles was declared eradicated in 2014. In addition to maples, ALB attacks elms, willows, birches, ash, and horse chestnut, some of our most commonly planted and beautiful trees found in yards and along streets, as well as in the woods. In all, there are thirteen genera victimized by ALB.

      Our next stop was a subdivision that looked like it was built toward the end of the last century. There weren’t many large trees in front of the houses, but the yards backed up to scraggly woods where kids played and leaves were tossed in fall. Dozens of these trees, ranging from pole timber to about eighteen inches in diameter, had a string of orange surveyor’s tape wrapped around them, mark of a death sentence. McFarland handed me his field glasses, and with his guidance it became easy to see trunks and branches riddled with adult exit holes and the oval bark pits, like scars, where the females had nested. I spotted uneven lumps of frass in the crotch of several branches, as if someone had been sawing into the limbs above.

      With binoculars usually around his neck, McFarland might be mistaken for a bird watcher as he lifts them to peer into branches high overhead. He’s a lookout. Like a military scout, he’s always on watch, ready to detect the slightest sign of the enemy. It’s a big job, with millions of trees to keep an eye on, which is why he needs his posse of public eyeballs. In addition to the signs I could see through the lenses or actual sightings of adult insects, he looks for unseasonable leaf yellowing, broken or dying branches, and sap flows caused by excavation wounds.

       Trees infested with Asian long-horned beetle marked for cutting

      The beetles are active in summer and early autumn, when a mated female might chew between thirty-five and ninety depressions in the bark, in each one laying an egg that hatches in about ten days to two weeks. The emerging caterpillar burrows through the bark and into the layer of the tree where sap flows, then into the woody tissue to develop and overwinter. In spring, the beetle larvae build a hard case and develop into adults, chewing their way out in summer and leaving those perfectly round exit holes, often with frass beneath them. Adults feed on small twigs and leaves, mate, and die with the advent of cold weather.

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