Historical Dictionary of Middle Eastern Cinema. Terri Ginsberg

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СКАЧАТЬ Iran: Esmail Kushan founds the Mitra film company, beginning the production of the first domestic sound films. Iraq: The first Iraqi film, Alia and Issam, is released. Israel/Palestine: 14 May: The state of Israel is declared. 15 May: End of British Mandate Palestine; war breaks out in the Levant; Nakba ensues. The PFF becomes the United Israel Appeal. Turkey: A decrease in the municipal entertainment tax on ticket revenues from domestic films leads to a gradual increase in the production of domestic films. The first domestic film competition is organized.

      1949 Israel: The Israeli Motion Picture Studios are opened in Herzliyah. Tunisia: The Fédération Tunisienne des Ciné-Clubs (FTCC) is created, launching a cinémathèque movement in Tunisia.

      1950 Egypt: Youssef Chahine’s career as a director begins with Daddy Amin.

      1952 Egypt: The Free Officers coup overthrows the monarchy; the Ministry of National Culture and Guidance is founded. Israel: The Geza Film Studios are opened in Givatayim, later to become the Berkey-Humphries Studio. Lebanon: Studio Haroun and Studio Al-Arz are the first fully equipped film studios opened in Lebanon. Turkey: The earliest recognized Yeşilçam films are shot by Lütfi Ö. Akad, Muharrem Gürses, and others.

      1953 Iran: Mohammad Mosaddeq, who had nationalized the oil industry and begun to limit the shah’s powers, is overthrown by a CIA-engineered coup. Turkey: Muhsin Ertuğrul’s last film, but Turkey’s first color film, Carpet-Weaving Girl, is made.

      1954 Algeria: The Algerian War against French colonial forces begins. Israel: The Bill for the Promotion of Israeli Films, a state funding vehicle, is passed. Tunisia: A film society, Al Ahd el Jadid, takes over Studios Africa’s Tunisian arm, Actualités Tunisiennes.

      1956 Egypt/Israel: 29 October: Israel attacks Egypt during the Suez Crisis. Lebanon: Baalbek Studios is founded by Badih Boulos and will become one of the Middle East’s premier film studios during the 1960s. Maghreb: 2 March: Morocco is granted independence from France. 20 March: Tunisia is granted independence from France. 7 April: Spain relinquishes its territories in Morocco. Algerian student strike begins subsequently in France and Algeria. Sudan: The Sudanese Film Production Center is established by President Ismail Ali Azhari.

      1957 Jordan: Struggle in Jarash, directed by Wassif Sheik Yassin, becomes the first film from Jordan. Lebanon: George Nasser’s Where To? becomes the first Lebanese film featured at the Cannes Film Festival. Tunisia: Société Anonyme Tunisienne des Production et d’Expansion Cinématographiques (SATPEC) is established to administer film production, distribution, importation, and exhibition in Tunisia.

      1958 Egypt: Cairo Station (Youssef Chahine) is released, starring the director, and quickly becomes a touchstone for cinematic realism in the country. Egypt/Syria: The United Arab Republic (UAR) is established. Iran: South of the City (Farrokh Ghaffari), a precursor to the New Wave films to come, marks a deromanticizing of poor urban life and is banned in Iran. Iraq: The Republic of Iraq is established. Kuwait: Cinema Al-Hamra and Cinema Al-Firdaws become the first film theaters to open in the Gulf region. Lebanon: The first Lebanese Civil War breaks out between Christian nationalists and pan-Arab secularists.

      1959 Egypt: The Higher Cinema Institute, a training center, is established in Cairo; The Nightingale’s Prayer, the most famous of the collaborations between director Henri Barakat and star Faten Hamama, is released. Iraq: The General Organization of Cinema and Television (GOCT) is founded.

      1960 Turkey: The 1960 military intervention changes the course of social and political life in Turkey, as Yeşilçam filmmaking undergoes growth and development.

      1961 Algeria: 17 October: French police kill 200 Algerian demonstrators in Paris, as depicted in Living in Paradise (1998). Iran: The Institute for the Intellectual Development of Children and Young Adults (IIDCYA), or Kanoon, is founded. Morocco: Hassan II becomes king, thus beginning the repressive “Years of Lead” that included much film censorship. Turkey: The “high” Yeşilçam era begins with the production of 113 films in one year.

      1962 Algeria: 5 July: Independence from French colonialism is achieved. The Radio Télévision Algérienne (RTA) is established to train film professionals and fund state coproductions. Iran: The House Is Black, Forough Farrokhzad’s highly influential documentary, set in a Tabriz leper colony, appears. Lebanon: October: The first of three annual Round Table Conferences on Arab Cinema and Culture is held in Beirut, under the auspices of UNESCO, to assess the state of cinema in the Arab region.

      1963 Algeria: The Office des Actualités Algériennes (OAA) is established as a newsreel production organization. Egypt: Nationalization of the Egyptian film industry takes many people by surprise. It leads to the production of a number of quality films by the public sector, which is, however, effectively bankrupt by 1970. The situation compels many Egyptian filmmakers and actors to relocate film production to Lebanon.

      1964 Lebanon: The National Center for Cinema and Television is established by the government. Palestine: The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) is formed. Tunisia: The Festival International du Film Non Professionel de Kelibia is founded to exhibit works by amateur North African filmmakers. Turkey: Metin Erksan’s Dry Summer (1963) wins the Golden Bear at the Berlin Film Festival. The flagship festival of Turkish domestic cinema, Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival, is launched.

      1965 Lebanon: UNESCO establishes the Arab Cinema Liaison Center in Beirut.

      1966 Algeria: Gillo Pontecorvo’s landmark film about the Algerian War, The Battle of Algiers, is released. Iraq: The first Baghdad Film Festival is held. Tunisia: Gammarth Studios are established as part of SATPEC. The Carthage Film Festival is founded by Tahar Cheriaa.

      1967 Algeria: The Centre National du Cinéma (CNC) and the Institut National Cinéma (INC) are dissolved into the Office National pour le Commerce et l’Industrie Cinématographiques (ONCIC) as the central agency for administering Algerian film production. Bahrain: The Bahrain Cinema Company is established. Egypt/Israel/Jordan/Palestine/Syria: 5–10 June: The Six-Day War takes place, marking the beginning of the expanded Israeli occupation. Iran: The International Festival of Films for Children and Young Adults is held for the first time.

      1968 Egypt: Shadi Abdel-Salam’s sole feature, The Night of Counting the Years (aka The Mummy), is released. France: May: Students and workers, including many from the North African diaspora, strike in France against oppression and exploitation under the conservative administration of Charles de Gaulle. Iraq: The Ba‘th Party comes to power. Morocco: Conquer to Live, codirected by Mohamed Abderrahman Tazi and Ahmed Mesnaoui, becomes the first postindependence Moroccan feature. Palestine: The Palestine Film Unit is established in Jordan. Tunisia: The Dawn, directed by Omar Khlifi, becomes the first postindependence Tunisian feature. United Arab Emirates: The Deira Cinema opens in Dubai, becoming the first film theater in the UAE.

      1969 Algeria: СКАЧАТЬ