Thomas Becket. Father John S. Hogan

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СКАЧАТЬ king of England and Duke of Normandy, and married to the Duchess of Aquitaine, Henry was as powerful as the king of France. After Louis and Eleanor’s annulment, he had wooed one of the most powerful women in Christendom and won her. The couple would have eight children to add to a son Henry had had with a mistress in about 1152. That son, Geoffrey, was destined to become archbishop of York in 1189, succeeding Roger de Pont L’Évêque. A second illegitimate son would be born to another mistress in about 1176, possibly Ida of Tosny, wife of the Earl of Norfolk; that son would become William, Earl of Salisbury.¹⁶ Of his legitimate children with Eleanor, three sons would be kings: Henry the Young King, Richard I (“the Lionheart”), and John. Another son, Geoffrey, became Duke of Brittany, while their three daughters married nobles: Matilda became Duchess of Savoy; young Eleanor, queen of Castile; and Joan, queen of Sicily.

      Once Henry took the throne, his reign (his dispute with Thomas aside) was positive for England. While he wanted to restore the many laws, customs, and arrangements that existed under his grandfather, he initiated many new laws and customs that were to the benefit of the kingdom and the people.¹⁷ He sought to increase the power of the English royal courts, producing a more coherent system of laws and the means to implement them by appointing good administrators and making wider use of juries. He challenged not only Church courts but also the role of the barons in dispensing justice. Inheriting an abysmal financial system, Henry made it one of his first priorities to stabilize the currency and rejuvenate a poor economy while establishing financial institutions to undertake reforms and improve accounting. His reforms not only achieved these aims, but also led to a significant increase in royal revenues, assisted by new taxes and new sources of income from fines and amercements.¹⁸

      Politically, he consolidated his English territories against the Scots, fortifying the north, and gradually brought Wales into submission to England. He also secured his realm on the continent, and after going to war to secure his wife’s duchy, he governed to various degrees territory stretching from the English Channel to the Mediterranean, controlling more of France that any ruler after the Carolingians. Historians often refer to his realm as the Angevin Empire. In 1171, he invaded Ireland with the assistance of the king of Leinster, and though he would have to appoint and recognize Rory O’Connor as high king of Ireland in 1175, in reality Henry was lord of Ireland. He would intervene more directly in Irish affairs from 1177 onward; though ultimately, according to Warren, his policy in Ireland was a failure — his one major failure.¹⁹ However, the troublesome Irish to one side, Henry was an emperor in all but title.

      In January 1155, much of this lay in the future, mere ambition in the heart of a young king. To begin his work, Henry needed solid support and experienced, faithful servants to help him achieve his aims. In their meeting, Henry did not mince words with Thomas as he laid his plans before him. A new age was dawning for England, and he wanted the archdeacon to assume the office of royal chancellor and serve both this new and ambitious project and its master.

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