Body Sensor Networking, Design and Algorithms. Saeid Sanei

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3 Physical, Physiological, and Biological Measurements

      3.1 Introduction

      Nowadays, many of the physical, physiological, biological, and behavioural states of the human body can be measured, evaluated, and described by means of wearable sensors. These sensors can monitor the state of the human body for longer than an expert's observation. Often, the fusion of data modalities collected using different sensors is used for diagnostic purposes.

      Although the physical state of the human body can be observed in detail using video cameras or in some cases listened to using microphones, such modalities are subject to breach of privacy, costly to deploy, and are less fascinating for automated analysis body movement. Therefore, in this chapter we ignore these two modalities and investigate the cases where humans can wear sensors for a longer time to enable long-term monitoring. Here, the most popular methods for measuring very common human body states are explained and the advanced approaches described. The details as well as experimental considerations are described in later chapters.

3.2 Wearable Technology for Gait Monitoring

      As described in Chapter 2, many physical or mental diseases or abnormalities directly or indirectly affect human gait. Stroke, Parkinson's, and leg amputation readily come to mind. Thus, gait analysis can be used to monitor both the cause and the symptoms of a wide range of such abnormalities. The state of gait can be measured using a number of sensing modalities (video, audio, footstep, acceleration, gravitational force, directionality, etc.). Among them, acceleration measurement is reasonably accurate, robust, cheap, and easy to do. It has been well established that in an unrestricted environment the most widely used method for effective gait analysis is performed using an accelerometer. This sensor is often combined with a gyro and magnetometer in a small and compatible inertial measurement unit (IMU).

The measuring instruments for quantitative gait analysis have been integrated into human recognition as well as clinical decision-making systems for assessing pathologies manifested by gait abnormalities. Recent advances in wearable sensors, especially inertial body sensors, have paved the path for a promising future gait analysis [1]. Possibly the most important advantage of using gait sensors compared to gait observation using video cameras is that they allow the subject to enjoy the free-living environment over a long period while being monitored.

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