Blender For Dummies. Jason van Gumster

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       If the canceled extrusion operation was the last thing you did, undo it by pressing Ctrl+Z. This solution usually is the quickest.

       If you still have the doubles selected, delete them. You can activate the delete operation with hotkeys (X or Del), choosing to Mesh ⇒ Delete ⇒ Vertices in the 3D Viewport’s header. If you use the Delete hotkey, you see a menu where you decide what elements of the mesh you want to delete. In this case, you choose Vertices. The disadvantage of this method is that it also removes the faces created by those vertices.

       If you’re unsure whether you have doubles from previous canceled extrusions, use Blender’s special Merge Vertices function:In Edit Mode, select all by choosing Select ⇒ All from the 3D Viewport’s header or pressing A.Right-click in the 3D Viewport and choose Merge Vertices ⇒ By Distance.With this operator, Blender removes all doubles from your mesh. You can also find this option in Vertex ⇒ Merge Vertices ⇒ By Distance in the 3D Viewport’s header, as well as with the Alt+M hotkey.

        Extrude Region: The default Extrude tool is Extrude Region, and it’s the only one that currently has a gizmo associated with it. It works exactly as described earlier in this section. Click the gizmo to extrude your selection. Once extruded, you can tweak your extrusion’s position and rotation using regular transform tools.

        Extrude Along Normals: Every component in a mesh has a normal, an imaginary line that sticks out orthogonally from that vertex, edge, or face. This tool is most useful when you have multiple faces selected in your mesh. It keeps the components of your selection joined like with the Extrude Region tool, but each face in the new extrusion moves along its own normal. To use this tool, just click and drag in the 3D Viewport and your selection will extrude accordingly. If you enable the Offset Even check box in the Active Tool tab of the Properties editor, this extrusion tool is very helpful for architectural and hard surface modeling. Chapter 5 has more on normals and the different approaches to modeling.MODELING ORGANICALLY WITH PROPORTIONAL EDITINGOften, when you’re modeling organic objects or objects with smoothly curved surfaces, such as characters, creatures, or sports cars, you may find yourself pushing and pulling a bunch of vertices to obtain that smooth surface. You can simplify this process by using Blender’s Proportional Editing feature. If you come from another 3D package, you might recognize proportional editing as being similar to the soft select feature. You activate proportional editing by left-clicking the Proportional Editing button, which looks like two gray concentric circles in the 3D Viewport’s header. The hotkey for this operation is O. Now when you perform a transform operation, a circle appears around your selection. Your transformation influences any vertices that are within this circle with a gradual falloff.You can adjust the influence circle used by proportional editing by scrolling your mouse wheel or pressing Alt+Numpad Plus (+) and Alt+Numpad Minus (–). Additionally, you can control how gradual the falloff is by using the Proportional Editing Falloff pull-down menu next to the Proportional Editing button in the 3D Viewport’s header, or by choosing one of the options that appears in a pie menu when you press Shift+O. The Proportional Editing feature in Blender has one more useful option. On complex meshes, you may want to use proportional editing on one set of vertices that are connected to each other, but not to other nearby vertices in the same mesh. For example, say that you’ve modeled a character and her hand is at her side near her leg, and you’d like to smoothly edit her hand and pull it away from the leg without having to gradually adjust the vertices of the arm. Proportional editing is the perfect tool for this job. However, when you try to use proportional editing as described in the previous paragraphs, other leg vertices are within the influence circle, and you end up moving those unintentionally. Wouldn’t it be great if proportional editing could understand that you only want to move the hand? Well, I have good news: It can! Expand the Proportional Editing Falloff pull-down menu in the 3D Viewport header and enable the Connected Only check box. Alternatively, press Alt+O. With the Connected Only option enabled, proportional editing adjusts only vertices connected to each other within its influence area. Neat, huh?Proportional editing works in Object mode as well. This capability can be really handy, but it can sometimes yield undesirable results if you want to use this feature only while in Edit mode. For this reason, double-check your 3D Viewport’s header before performing a transformation to see whether proportional editing is enabled.

        Extrude Individual: The Extrude Individual tool works like Extrude Along Normals, but your extruded components aren’t connected as a cohesive unit. Instead, in the case of faces, each face in your selection extrudes on its own along its own local normals.

        Extrude to Cursor: This tool gives you the fastest way to make a long series of extrusions. Say you’re modeling tree branches or the profile of a wine glass. The Extrude to Cursor tool is the way to go. Simply click in the 3D Viewport and your selection extrudes right to that point. If you hold down your mouse button, you can tweak the position of your extrusion as you go. Working this way is particularly useful when you’re doing a series of extrusions, one right after the other, such as when you’re roughing out a shape by “drawing” with vertices and edges. Technically, this tool’s feature is also available outside the tool system. While in Edit mode, if you Ctrl+right-click in the 3D Viewport, whatever you have selected is extruded to that location.