The Concise Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics. Carol A. Chapelle
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Название: The Concise Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics

Автор: Carol A. Chapelle

Издательство: John Wiley & Sons Limited

Жанр: Языкознание

Серия:

isbn: 9781119147374

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СКАЧАТЬ sounds so fantastically, vitally [“absolutely,” “completely,” “totally”] in the moment (Hoye, 1997). Adverb classes are not watertight; their interpretation will depend on recognizing the wider context in which they occur, where there may well be a blending of possible interpretations.

      Adverbs are more than mere ornamentation; they underpin processes of textual argumentation and provide additional, circumstantial information that helps avoid any sense of anomaly or incompleteness about what is being said (Goldberg & Ackerman, 2001, p. 798). Pervasive in discourse, adverbs occur across all genres, regardless of levels of formality or medium. And regardless of their many detractors, such as those cited at the outset. Used judiciously, their role may be crucial. Ernest Hemingway, known for his terse prose, was not totally immune to their use, especially the ‐ly variety: “after forty days without a fish the boy's parents had told him that the old man was now definitely and finally ‘salao’, which is the worst form of unlucky” (Hemingway, 1952, p. 1). Here, the meaning of “salao” (Cuban and southern Spanish slang for “the worst kind of bad luck”) is captured and reinforced by the two adverbs, as they herald the gloss in the relative clause that follows, and somehow hint at the inward travails the old man has yet to face.

      So terrified was he . . . of being caught, by chance, in a false statement, that as a small boy he acquired the habit of adding “perhaps” to everything he said. “Is that you, Harry?” Mama might call from the drawing‐room. “Yes, Mama—perhaps.” “Are you going upstairs?” “Yes, perhaps.” “Will you see if I've left my bag in the bedroom?” “Yes, Mama, perhaps—p'r'haps—paps!” [italics added] (Toulmin, 2003, p. 41)

      SEE ALSO: Formulaic Language and Collocation; Pragmatic Markers

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      1 Aijmer, K. (2018). “That's well bad”: Some new intensifiers in spoken British English. In V. Brezina, R. Love, & K. Aijmer (Eds.), Corpus approaches to contemporary British speech: Sociolinguistic studies of the spoken BNC2014 (chap. 6). Abingdon, England: Taylor & Francis.

      2 Hoye, L. F. (2012). Adverbs. In C. A. Chapelle (Ed.), The encyclopedia of applied linguistics. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley‐Blackwell. doi: 10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0009

      3 Simon‐Vandenbergen, A.‐M. (2013). REALITY and related concepts: Towards a semantic‐pragmatic map of English adverbs. In J. Marín‐Arrese, M. Carretero, J. Arús Hita, & J. van der Auwera (Eds.), English modality: Core, periphery and evidentiality (pp. 253–80). Topics in English linguistics, 81. Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter Mouton.

      NKONKO M. KAMWANGAMALU