Process Intensification and Integration for Sustainable Design. Группа авторов
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Название: Process Intensification and Integration for Sustainable Design
Автор: Группа авторов
Издательство: John Wiley & Sons Limited
Жанр: Отраслевые издания
isbn: 9783527818723
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2.5.2 Profitability Assessment
Figure 2.7 shows the annual revenue associated with the five feeds and compares the revenue with the composition of methane in the feed.
Figure 2.7 Comparison of gas composition with revenue.
The total revenue increases with increasing quantity of NGLs in the feed, despite the fact that each feed is primarily methane (Figure 2.7).
Methane sales prices (heat value) are typically reported in $/MMBtu (see Table 2.5), which may be converted into an average price of US$0.02 gal/yr as shown in Table 2.6. This price is significantly less than the price of the NGLs as listed in Table 2.6. Thus, feeds with high NGL content generate higher revenue.
Table 2.6 Effective prices for products ($/gal).
| Commodity | Units | Base case |
| Heat value | $/gal | 0.02 |
| Ethane | $/gal | 0.262 |
| Propane | $/gal | 0.632 |
| n‐Butane | $/gal | 0.691 |
Table 2.7 shows the results from the economic calculations for the base case. The ROI exceeded 10%, meeting the minimum criteria for potential profitability (ROI > 10%).
Table 2.7 Return on investment for the base case.
| Base case | |
| Total fixed cost (MM$) | 29.5 |
| Total variable cost (MM$/yr) | 13.6 |
| Feedstock cost (MM$/yr) | 204 |
| Total revenue (MM$/yr) | 225 |
| Annual net profit (MM$/yr) | 5.50 |
| Total capital investment (MM$/yr) | 34.6 |
| ROI (%) | 15.9 |
As discussed previously, the base case was considered an existing plant. Additional cases were considered from a standpoint of whether needed modifications were justified by amount of additional revenue made. This was assessed by calculating the IROI. The results are displayed in Figure 2.8. Figures 2.8 and 2.10 do not include the base case (Feed #3) as they examine only additional cases.
Figure 2.8 Economic metrics for the additional cases.
Higher methane composition feeds generally require fewer modifications to the existing plant. As a result, the TCI change for these feeds is very low (Figure 2.8). However, the additional annual net profit for these feeds is also low. The necessary modifications are justified economically, using the criteria of IROI > 10%, for all the cases except for the high methane case (Feed #1).
We next explain the condition for Feed #1. The content of NGLs in Feed #1 is very low (see Table 2.2), such that the gas already meets pipeline quality, except for the quantity of water in the gas. Therefore the turboexpander and fractionation train separation units are not needed. NGLs are very valuable, and therefore it is worth considering keeping these separation units. However this is determined to be infeasible, due to the fact that for the given inlet pressure of 1000 psig, the stream can never be in the two‐phase region regardless of the stream temperature. Thus it is not possible to remove the NGLs from the gas in a profitable way (see the phase envelop in Figure 2.9). Besides, the sales gas and wellhead gas have the same price (the heat value price), and almost the same heat value (approximately 1015 Btu/SCF), so there is no way to make a profit.
Figure 2.9 Phase envelope for Feed #1 before the demethanizer column (generated from process simulation).
Some feeds are more likely to occur than others. To obtain a more accurate picture of whether or not each stream is worth treating, its IROI is multiplied by the probability for it to occur (see Table 2.2 for details). Next, the IROI based on probability of occurrence was calculated (Figure 2.10).
Figure 2.10 IROI based on feed probability.
As can be seen all of the listed feeds are still worth treating based on the IROI > 10%. Despite the fact that Feed #5 generates the most additional revenue, it is only barely worth making the additional needed capital investment because the probability of this feed occurring is very low (7.50%).
The total ROI calculated for these five feeds based on their likelihood to occur is determined from Eq. (2.13).
The total ROI is found to be 24.4%, which is greater than the 15.9% for treating only the base case.
2.5.3 High Acid Gas Case Economics
Figure 2.11 shows the revenue for the base case and high acid gas case. There is only a slight decrease in revenue compared with the base case for the high acid case. This is because only a small percentage of the incoming gas is acid gases, while the remainder of the feed composition is similar СКАЧАТЬ