Sea-Birds. James Fisher

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СКАЧАТЬ (Norton in Palmer, 1949).

      Lesser blackback, 1 in Germany 1927–28, c.6 in 1938–47 (Schulz, 1947); colonised Holland since 1926, not more than 50 (van Ijzendoorn).

      Great blackback, c.1,100 in England and Wales in 1930 (Harrisson and Hurrell, 1933); c.20 in Denmark in 1941 (F. Salomonsen, 1943); 16 on Bear Island in 1948 (Duffey and Sergeant, 1950); 3 in United States in 1928, at least 1,250 in 1944 (A. O. Gross, 1945).

      Laughing gull, c.25 in Maine in 1860–70, 1, 2, 3 or 4 from c.1884 to c.1918, c.150 in 1931, 1936, c.250 in 1937–38, c.300 in 1940, c.50 in 1941, none since. (Palmer, 1949); in Western U.S. 2 in 1928 (Miller and van Rossem, 1929).

      Black-headed gull, 35,000 in England and Wales in 1938 (P. A. D. Hollom, 1940, S. Marchant, 1952).

      Little gull, 15 in Holland in 1942, 18 in 1943, 13 in 1944, 1 or 2 in 1945, c.8 in 1949 (van Ijzendoorn).

      Kittiwake, 6,000 to 8,000 in England in late 1940’s (J. Fisher, from literature and notes); 11 in Denmark in 1941, 15 in 1942, 124 in 1946 (Salomonsen, 1941, Løppenthin, 1948); 1–3 in Germany in 1938–39 (R. Drost, 1939); 24,400 in Newfoundland in 1941–45 (Peters and Burleigh); probably c.10,000 in Gulf of St. Lawrence in 1940 (H. F. Lewis, 1941b and others).

      Black tern, 8 in Britain in 1941, 5 in 1942 (R. Cooke, 1946); none in other recent years.

      Whiskered tern, 8 in Holland in 1938, 9 in 1945 (invasions; van Ijzendoorn).

      White-winged black tern, 1 in Belgium in 1937 (R. Verheyen, 1951).

      Gull-billed tern, 1 in Holland in 1931, 1 in 1944, 2 in 1945, 3 in 1949 (van Ijzendoorn).

      Caspian tern, 300 in Germany in 1819, 25 in 1874, none since 1918; 7 in California in 1922, 296 in 1930, 378 in 1943 (A. H. Miller, 1943); c.200 in Gulf of St. Lawrence in 1884 (M. A. Frazar, 1887), 30–55 between 1925 and 1940 (H. F. Lewis, 1941b.), 45 in 1945 (O. H. Hewitt, 1950).

      Common tern, c.4,450 in Maine in 1931–36 (Palmer, 1949); c.15,000 in Cape Cod region of Massachusetts in 1930–44 (O. L. Austin, 1946) ; 15,000–16,000 in Germany in 1939 (Schulz); c.19,000 in ‘de Beer’ sanctuary, Hook of Holland, in 1939 (van Ijzendoorn); doubtful whether in any year in the present century more than 7000 in England and Wales, and likely that over half of these have been in Norfolk (J. Fisher from literature and notes).

      Arctic tern, c.5,970 in Maine in 1931–36 (Palmer); c.4,700 in Germany in 1939 (Schulz); probably under 200 in Holland (van Ijzendoorn); doubtful whether in any year more than 3,000 in England and Wales, and likely that over half of these have been in the Farne Islands (J.F.).

      Roseate tern, c.276 in Maine in 1931–36 (Palmer); 1 or 2 in Germany in most years since 1904 (Schulz); 2 in the south of France in 1951 (R. M. Lockley); over 1,000 in the British Isles in recent years, about a third of which are in Anglesey and about half of which are in Ireland (J.F.)

      Sooty tern, in Pacific c.166,950 on Laysan Island (Dill & Bryan, 1912); in Indian Ocean over 25,000 in 1937 on Goelette, c.65,000 on Bird Island (Seychelles), c.5 million in 1931 and at least ¼ million in 1937 on Desnoeufs (D. Vesey-Fitzgerald, 1941); in U.S.A. (breeds Dry Tortugas only) c.7000 in 1903, 9,000 in 1907, 10,000 in 1908, 9,000 in 1917, 15,000 in 1935, 20,000 in 1936, 50,000 in 1937, 32,029 in 1938, 35,000 in 1939, c.50,000 in 1940, over 50,000 in 1941, 32,500 in 1942, 54,500 in 1945, 48,600 in 1946, 32,135 in 1947 (P. Bartsch, 1919; A. Sprunt, 1948).

      Sandwich tern, c.40,000 in Holland in 1940 (van Ijzendoorn, 1950); this perhaps four-fifths of whole population of north-west Europe; other occupied countries, all with very fluctuating numbers, Sweden (200–300 nests in early ’forties), Germany (3,957 in 1940), Denmark (unknown number), the British Isles (fluctuating between two and five thousand nests, and about 3,500 in early ’forties, J. F. from literature and notes), and Danzig, Brittany and Portugal (a few each).

      Noddy, in U.S.A. 200 in 1903, 2,000 in 1907, 700 in 1908, 2,000 in 1917; 1,500 in 1935, 2,000 in 1936, 1,000 in 1937, 206 in 1938, 125 in 1939, 90 in 1940, 500 in 1941, 225 in 1942, 375 in 1945, 275 in 1946, 125 in 1947 (as sooty tern).

      Little auk, in Iceland, now breeds Grimsey only, where c.50 in 1820, 150–200 in 1903, c.20 birds in 1934, at least 19 birds in 1949 (see here.)

      Razorbill, 12 in Germany in 1939 (Schulz), all on Heligoland; 318 in Denmark in 1939 (Salomonsen, 1943), all on Græsholm, where 60 pairs in 1944 (K. Paludan, 1947). Peters and Burleigh (1951) suggest that there may not be more than 450 in Newfoundland.

      Common guillemot, c.25,000 pairs in Sweden in early nineteen-forties (F. Salomonsen, 1944), nearly all on Störa Karlsö, where only 10 in 1880, c.1,250 in 1918; in Denmark established Græsholm in 1928, c.60 in 1936, 100 in 1938, 122 in 1939, 127 in 1940, 208 in 1941, 158 in 1942 (Salomonsen, 1943, 1943b); c.200 in c.1946 (P. Jespersen, 1946); in Germany c.2,000 all on Heligoland (Schulz and ourselves). Peters and Burleigh (1951) suggest that there may not have been many more than 25,650 in 1941–45 in the whole of Newfoundland, but it seems clear that the total west Atlantic common guillemot population is at least 40,000, of which there are about 7,700 in Quebec Labrador (R. A. Johnson, 1940), c.10,000 on Anticosti Island (H. F. Lewis, 1941c.), and perhaps 500 on Bonaventure Island in Quebec and 700 on the Bird Rocks in the Magdalen Islands (A. C. Bent, 1919).

      Brünnich’s guillemot, c.2 million in Greenland (Salomonsen, 1951).

      Black guillemot, c.250 in Maine in 1948 (Palmer); 3 in England in 1940 (Cumberland; Blezard and others, 1943).

      Atlantic puffin, world population 1952, not less than 7,612,500, of which 2,500,000 each Iceland, Faeroes; 2,000,000 Brit. Is. (J.F. thinks this an under-estimate); 62,500 France, Channel Is. (R.M.L., 1953).

      Though this list includes some very small numbers of sea-birds breeding in some countries and lands desultorily, or at the very edge of their range, there have been some big censuses; and of five North Atlantic sea-birds, Tristan great shearwater, cahow, American white pelican, gannet and puffin, we have estimates of the world population.

      We must again remind readers that the figures do not refer to birds (unless this is particularly pointed out); but to occupied nests or breeding ‘pairs.’

      Not many of the censuses made so far are of the species with very large populations. Indeed, if we were to judge solely from completed censuses, we might come to the conclusion that the populations of sea-birds were not high. In fact, they are often extremely high. “The Fulmar Petrel lays but one egg,” wrote Darwin in The Origin of Species, “yet it is believed to be the most numerous bird in the world.” We now know (Fisher, 1952) that, while there may be over two million, there are under ten million fulmars in the world, and that, far from being the most numerous bird, the fulmar is less numerous than many sea-birds, and even some land-birds. One of us has already suggested (Fisher, 1940) that “the most abundant bird in the world is certainly a sea-bird, and probably Wilson’s petrel,” and nothing discovered in the last ten years has encouraged him to change that view. Nevertheless, many species of sea-birds are astonishingly abundant, and quite a number of North Atlantic species, if not vastly numerous in the Atlantic proper, certainly darken the sky round their arctic breeding-haunts just as Wilson’s petrels darken some antarctic skies. The miles of cliffs round Bear Island (especially at its СКАЧАТЬ