Moravian Soundscapes. Sarah Justina Eyerly

Чтение книги онлайн.

СКАЧАТЬ and place and affective geography. Scholars in historical GIS are increasingly interested in mapping frameworks that are capable of visualizing relations, networks, connections, emotions, and nonstandard patterns of movements. But it is my contention that spatial humanities approaches combined with audible histories have the potential to restore an almost multidimensional quality to the past. It is my hope to achieve a more holistic, sensory experience of Moravian mission history by combining the fields of geography, including aural and sound cartography and geographical information systems (GIS) with the fields of sonic and acoustic ecology, sound studies, and musicology. For recent scholarship on historical GIS, see Anne Kelly Knowles and Amy Hillier, eds., Placing History: How Maps, Spatial Data, and GIS Are Changing Historical Scholarship (Redlands, CA: ESRI Press, 2008); David J. Bodenhamer, John Corrigan, and Trevor M. Harris, eds., The Spatial Humanities: GIS and the Future of Humanities Scholarship, The Spatial Humanities (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2010); and David J. Bodenhamer, John Corrigan, and Trevor M. Harris, eds., Deep Maps and Spatial Narratives, The Spatial Humanities (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2015); Ian Gregory, A Place in History: A Guide to Using GIS in Historical Research, History Data Service (Oakville, CT: David Brown, 2003); Ian Gregory and Alistair Geddes, eds. Toward Spatial Humanities: Historical GIS and Spatial History, The Spatial Humanities (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2014); Stephen Daniels et al., Envisioning Landscapes, Making Worlds (London, England: Routledge, 2012); and John Lewis Gaddis, The Landscape of History: How Historians Map the Past (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002).

      57. Since maps are best at representing particular points in time, the sound maps that form the Moravian Soundscapes project are sited in 1758. By 1758, most of Bethlehem’s communal and industrial buildings had been completed, with the exception of the Widows’ House and the final addition to the Single Sisters’ House in 1768. Also, 1758 is the year best represented by archival materials (maps, diaries, artistic representations) from the Moravian Archives in Bethlehem. The soundscape compositions embedded in the sound maps are more specifically representative of a typical mid-morning in the month of May 1758. This project is also a part of a new and interdisciplinary field—digital sound studies—that lies at the intersection of sound studies and the digital humanities. For recent works on digital sound studies, see Mary Caton Lingold, Darren Mueller, and Whitney Trettien, eds., Digital Sound Studies (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2018); and Rebecca Geoffrey-Schwinden, “Digital Approaches to Historical Acoustemologies: Replication and Reenactment,” in Digital Sound Studies, 231–249. For an excellent discussion of the difficulties involved in writing and researching aural history, see Mark M. Smith’s “Introduction: Onward to Audible Pasts,” in Hearing History, 417–431.

      58. Christine DeLucia has argued for the importance of “digging deep in small places over time” and paying attention to artifacts, rituals, and other gestures of human experience. DeLucia, Memory Lands: King Philip’s War and the Place of Violence in the Northeast, Henry Roe Cloud Series on American Indians and Modernity (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2018), 3, 10. Like Karen Halttunen, she advocates for historians to eschew the privileging of bigger histories of early America over smaller histories that are attentive to local and regional place. Karen Halttunen, “Grounded Histories: Land and Landscape in Early America,” The William and Mary Quarterly 68, no. 4 (2011): 513–532. The maps for this book are created with the idea of representing localized and intimate Moravian ideas of space and place. The terms “space” and “place” are used in this book in ways that are reflective of how eighteenth-century Moravians envisioned their communities. “Space” and “place” may represent specific locations in the physical (i.e., human and natural) world, as well as Moravians’ conceptions of the environments they inhabited. However, it is also important to recognize a distinctly spiritual and intangible sense of location, which was an important concept in early Moravian mission communities. In this sense, the terms “space” and “place” are not tied to specific physical locations but represent instead an overlay of the spiritual world onto the physical geography of landscape. Like DeLucia, I hope that the recentering of place as a lens of analysis—rather than time, or the typical periodizations used in academic historical studies—can reveal alternative understandings of the past and geography. DeLucia, Memory Lands, 2–3. Also see Lisa Brooks, “The Primacy of the Present, the Primacy of Place: Navigating the Spiral of History in the Digital World,” PMLA 127, no. 2 (2012): 308–316.

      59. After the first mission at Gnadenhütten, Pennsylvania, was destroyed in 1755, it was eventually rebuilt in Ohio in 1772. Moravian scholars typically refer to these two communities as Gnadenhütten I and Gnadenhütten II. I have chosen to avoid those designations in this book.

      60. I would like to thank Janet Rice for sharing her work and that of her collaborators in mapping the archaeological sites for Native communities in Pennsylvania. Barry C. Kent, Janet Rice, and Kakuko Ota, “A Map of 18th Century Indian Towns in Pennsylvania,” Pennsylvania Archaeologist 51, no. 4 (1981): 1–18.

      61. DeLucia, Memory Lands, xxv; Lisa Brooks, Our Beloved Kin: A New History of King Philip’s War, Henry Roe Cloud Series on American Indians and Modernity (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2018), 13. Recent mapping projects by Lisa Brooks and Christina DeLucia of the indigenous geographies of New England have encouraged me to consider the wonderful benefits of “research road trips” and “place-visits.” I have also been encouraged in my efforts to create sound maps of Moravian places by DeLucia’s call to enliven historic places with alternate modes of seeing, touching, traveling, and mapping. She encourages historians of early American history to consider new ways of writing and mapping that reflect different stories than the ones traditionally told in settler colonial contexts. DeLucia, Memory Lands, 21, 330.

      62. I wish to thank Philip Trabel and Charlene Donchez-Mowers and the staff of the Historic Bethlehem Partnership and Burnside Plantation, for their assistance with this project.

      63. For the purpose of this project, we were interested in general information about the spread of sound to elucidate how Moravians may have heard and understood their community. Thus, sound recordings were assigned a general weight in the calculations with an assumed range of human hearing set at 0 dB with a lower threshold at –9 dB. It is our hope that additional studies may take into account deeper and more nuanced views of the spread of sound in Bethlehem.

      64. There are a growing number of artists and researchers using GIS technologies to inscribe meaning onto space through sound. Some important examples include the soundwalks created by Hildegard Westerkamp and Frauke Behrendt; the “Under Living Skies” project by Eric Powell that recreates the soundscapes of Saskatchewan, Canada; Isobel Anderson and Fionnuala Fagan’s collaborative project entitled, “Stories Of The City: Sailortown,” which explores the soundscapes of the old docks area of Belfast, Ireland; Janet Cardiff’s soundwalks, such as “Her Long Black Hair” and “A Large Slow River,” that combine recorded voice with composed soundscapes in order to map a narrative onto a specific sound journey; and Jennifer Heuson’s “Soundscapes of The Black Hills,” which records various locations in the Black Hills of South Dakota.

      65. There are not many researchers or composers experimenting with sound in time even though acoustic ecology is a growing field. In the field of archaeoacoustics, Miriam Kolar’s project on the acoustic architecture of Chavín de Huántar, Perú, uses computer modeling to understand how this 3,000-year-old ceremonial center in the Incan Andes may have been acoustically designed. Miriam A. Kolar, “Sensing Sonically at Andean Formative Chavín de Huántar, Perú,” Time and Mind 10, no. 1 (January 2, 2017): 39–59. In terms of soundscape compositions based upon historic sound recreation, Maile Colbert’s sound projects, Passageira em Casa and Passageira australis, explore various sounds or locations in Portugal and Australia as heard and experienced through time. Several university-based research groups have published websites dedicated to sounding historical places, including the University of Cambridge’s “Seventeenth-Century Parisian Soundscapes Project,” and the “Sound of Paris in the Eighteenth Century” project СКАЧАТЬ