Healing World Trauma with the Therapeutic Spiral Model. Группа авторов

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      A more humorous cross-cultural/hemispheric “faux pas” that broadened our horizons happened on one of our first trips Down Under when we were setting up a preliminary structure for our workshop to teach the Director’s Roles (Kellermann 1992; Toscani 1995a). On that day we used a template of energy from the four geographic directions, a Native American tradition as we were taught by Yago Tahnahga, an Ojibwa Mohawk woman with whom we had worked for many years. But we were in Australia and, after 25 hours of traveling the previous day(s), we were disoriented to say the least. As we started to arrange the directions in the space, it was clear that we had no clue where we were—literally. The sun still rose in the east and set in the west, but they were on different sides if you faced the equator. Additionally, south and north were completely poles apart in perspectives and cultural meanings—for example, you would not face south in the winter to get warm; it was not the place of “sunshine and growth” as we look at it from our perspective. Totally spun around, we gave over the Direction of directions to “Native Australians,” who knew the territory and were able to get the group on the correct course—but not the one we initially thought we would pursue. It was a light-hearted moment and we all laughed, but for us it was a good learning experience about our ingrained perspectives and the power of co-creation to bring in new elements of safety and structure.

      Following on the two previous examples, this book demonstrates that intrapsychic “safety and containment” are the core principles of TSM that have been retained consistently over time and around the world. Having the ability to transcend hemispheres and cultures, you will see the creative expansions of TSM by 19 authors who bring their work to each chapter, presenting theory, research, and practice. As we have done in this introduction, clinical examples are provided as a basic component to illustrate theory and practice throughout, making it, we hope, user-friendly to readers of many cultures. TSM is alive with spontaneity and creativity. We hope you find the book to be also.

      TSM Grows and Multiplies

      As the healed protagonists go into the world, they claim one final role to take with them—Ultimate Authority. This is the full circle for the protagonist: they have spiraled down and now, at the end of their work, they spiral up into a new realm. Likewise, Healing World Trauma with the Therapeutic Spiral Model: Psychodramatic Stories from the Frontlines is the final outcome of TSM as it was first conceived experientially, developed clinically, and matured theoretically. Our personal work on the development of the model is complete. The structure is set but it will continue to spiral onward, becoming more defined and refined in the hands of many others.

      Meet the Contributing Authors

      Healing World Trauma with the Therapeutic Spiral Model: Psychodramatic Stories from the Frontlines, the book that was many years in the making, brings together the voices of various mental health professionals using TSM to treat PTSD and other diagnoses related to trauma in the global community. A chorus of academics, scientists, trainers, and practitioners of experiential psychotherapy share how TSM has influenced their practice. The publication of this book, in turn, shows how they have helped TSM evolve and develop into the rich, multicultural system of learning that it is today—a symphonic composition with many variations, many styles. While the contributors to the model are countless, the book itself includes the shared experience of practitioners from Australia, Canada, England, South Africa, Taiwan, and the United States. Together they show how TSM is culturally adaptable, bringing a safe method of experiential healing to many people around the world. Each of the stories presented is a composite case to honor client anonymity.

      And just as we work from the heart, the writings in this book, too, are heart-to-heart talks. Therefore, you will notice a certain informality of language at times, as well as differences between and among the chapters—each reflecting the author’s personality. Yet, whole beings are involved here presenting their strong clinical and theoretical knowledge as well.

      Part 1 provides the beginnings and evolution of TSM: Zerka’s story of classical psychodrama, the similarities and differences of classical psychodrama and TSM, and the final product of the model as it is today.

      How does one fit 74 years of intense work and profound insight into a single chapter? Well, in Chapter 1, Zerka T. Moreno, the co-founder of psychodrama with her husband, J.L. Moreno (1969), does so—beautifully and simply, just as she directs psychodramas. She generously offers us her definitive words on psychodrama’s history, methodology, and the future, satiating even the most seasoned directors. All readers will find much to cull from this comprehensive overview. At 95 years old, Zerka remains active as a writer and healer. We are blessed to have her clear and soothing words begin this book on PTSD at such a crucial time when the world itself is globally traumatized. She reminds us once again, “A truly therapeutic procedure cannot have less an objective than the whole of (hu)mankind” (Moreno 1953, p.1).

      In Chapter 2, Kate Hudgins and Francesca Toscani discuss the similarities and differences between TSM and classical psychodrama. They detail the parts of the model that have been retained even as practitioners and trainers alike have used TSM in new settings, with different populations, and in varied cultures. They include the original use of spontaneity and creativity theory and they expand the use of role theory by modifying classical psychodrama interventions. Chapter 2 also introduces the Action Healing Team and the Six Safety Action Structures of the Therapeutic Spiral Model.

      In Chapter 3, Francesca and Kate detail a full and updated Trauma Survivor’s Intrapsychic Role Atom (TSIRA). This is the clinical structure of TSM dramas when working with trauma survivors, including persons diagnosed with PTSD, other psychiatric diagnoses, and long-standing problems resulting from trauma. It includes the latest roles and the most recent clarification of existing roles, and other features never before published.

      Both chapters are replete with clinical examples to bring the work to life and are tangible for psychotherapists, educators, and community organizers who work with trauma.

      Part 2 anchors the Therapeutic Spiral Model into its theoretical foundations and research that goes beyond classical psychodrama into neurobiology, experiential psychotherapy, and clinical psychology.

      Ed Hug, MSW, CP, is the best-known psychodramatist writing on the subject of neurobiology and its relationship to trauma. In Chapter 4 he details what is widely known now—how the brain operates and why experiential psychotherapy is the treatment of choice for PTSD. Simply put, trauma experiences change the neurobiology of the brain, which stores un-worked-through trauma in its nonverbal centers, making those very traumatic memories inaccessible to language, words, and talk therapy. Ed discusses the specifics of TSM and how it improves upon classical psychodrama when working with PTSD, since its basic features are to provide safety and to contain intense emotions, thereby preventing re-traumatization during re-enactment of scenes.

      Les Greenberg, Ph.D., is a clinical psychologist from the University of Toronto and the best-known researcher in the world on experiential methods of psychotherapy. In Chapter 5, he anchors TSM into the rich foundation of research in experiential psychotherapy and clinical psychology. In 1996, Les wrote a chapter in The Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change demonstrating that experiential psychotherapy is equally as effective as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) or psychodynamic therapy to treat general psychological problems. Today, we know it is the most effective treatment for PTSD and other trauma-related difficulties.

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