Life Under Glass. Марк Нельсон

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СКАЧАТЬ I find most remarkable is that the Biosphere 2 system worked as well and lasted as long as it did before an outside source of supplemental oxygen was required. After all, it took four and a half billion years to develop Biosphere 1, Earth, as we know it: a living planet that is home to millions of species that together, maintain sufficiently stable chemistry and temperature to persist as a place habitable for life in an otherwise extremely hostile universe.

      Most surprising, Biosphere 2 worked despite a distinctly terrestrial bias, while Earth is literally a “water planet.” All life requires water and ninety-seven percent of Earth’s water is ocean. It is also where about ninety-seven percent of life exists and where most of the oxygen in the atmosphere is generated, mostly by photosynthetic plankton. The essential role of microbial life in shaping the chemistry of individual organisms, of ecosystems, and ultimately of the entire planet has only recently begun to come into focus. The ocean hosts a bountiful microbial minestrone of bacteria, Archaea, and viruses that underpin the rest of life as we know it. Climate, weather, temperature, and planetary chemistry are largely governed by the living sea.

      Though small in size, and relatively limited in diversity compared to natural coral reef systems, Biosphere 2’s ocean appeared to be in good health when I was privileged to dive into it, accompanying Gaie on a tour the day that the team emerged. I was delighted to see not only healthy, living corals but also a number of young coral colonies, evidence that spawning, settling, and growth had taken place in their cocooned world. A common species of brown algae, Dictyota, was abundant, and Gaie said she had to periodically “weed” the reef to prevent damaging overgrowth of the corals. It was exciting to discover a relatively rare kind of green algae thriving amid various other algal species, invertebrates, and fish. I also noted when I slipped underwater, that a number of confused cockroaches swam out of the crevices of my borrowed equipment. Conscientiously, I rescued and returned them to the shore. Although uninvited residents, they and a kind of ant clearly had made places for themselves within the Biosphere’s ecosystem.

      Just as remarkable as the success attained by the biospherians at self-sufficiency in a limited space with a limited ocean and limited sources of sustenance, was their ability to maintain a civil, often congenial working relationship. It is a testament to the creativity, discipline, dedication, intelligence, and overall good nature of the participants that they successfully managed to not only survive but physically and mentally thrive during their confined co-existence. Though bonded by common purpose, shipmates at sea typically adhere to a certain mutually respected discipline in order to maintain harmony. Similarly bonded by common purpose, occupants of Biosphere 2’s mini-world society had to cope with normal human differences, preferences, habits, capabilities, quirks, and “personalities” of the others. This was not a television program where individuals could get voted “off the island!”

      As described in this thoughtful volume, the knowledge gained from the two-year Biosphere 2 odyssey has already inspired actions on many fronts, far beyond what may have been the original goals. Since the eight explorers completed their epic journeys within a confined space, interest has steadily grown in having humans as active participants in the exploration of the realms beyond Earth’s atmosphere. The pioneering experiences recorded here serve as a vital baseline of evidence of what could be replicated in places currently unimagined. But far and away, the most important impact of Biosphere 2 may be the enhanced respect gained for the miraculous existence of Biosphere 1.

      In closing, Bravo: Gaie Alling, Mark Nelson, and Sally Silverstone for sharing your knowledge and wisdom in this book, and for your continuing explorations, education, and sense of caring. Your legacy is real, your message clear: we must explore and care for this ocean-blessed planet as if our lives depend on it, because they do. A special salute, too, to the spirit of Biosphere 2 for inspiring the formation of the Biosphere Foundation as a means of fostering love and respect for the Earth among people globally.

      – Sylvia A. Earle, oceanographer, author, Explorer-in-Residence at the National Geographic Society

FOREWORD TO THE FIRST EDITION by Joseph P. Allen

      EACH MORNING as I leave my home for work, I drive past the outdoor exhibit of a giant Saturn 5 rocket sitting beside the NASA/Johnson Space Center here in Houston. This dinosaur of launch vehicles and its smaller cousins form a kind of Jurassic Park celebrating the time when humans first left our home for bold but fleeting journeys to the moon. In the reddish, early morning glow of the August sun rising with a vengeance above Galveston Bay, the rockets take on a surrealistic look. Did we actually use nine of these behemoths to travel a quarter of a million miles out from Earth?

      Such treks are difficult to imagine now that human activity on the space frontier has become so limited. NASA, a federal agency once known for its vision, imaginative engineering, and bold execution, nowadays devotes the bulk of its resources to planning projects which probably won’t be implemented. This circumstance should not be surprising, since the demands made by an ever-changing, politically oriented space policy leave the beleaguered agency little extra resources to attempt something new. With such political impediments to overcome, will we ever again undertake space missions out to the moon and beyond? And if so, could we establish permanent human habitats out there?

      Reflecting upon the heritage of these magnificent Saturn 5 rockets and fretting about the current uncertainties of our space program lead me to think more and more about a totally different kind of spaceship, Biosphere 2.

      Strictly speaking, of course, Biosphere 2 is not a spaceship because it does not travel. Nonetheless, I am intrigued by the similarities of experiences of the Biosphere crew members with those of astronauts and cosmonauts aboard their ships in outer space. In spaceship terms, the people aboard this unique creation have been ‘underway’ for nearly two years now; and one month from the day I write this, they will open the seal which separates them from planet Earth and will exit from their world into an atmosphere as foreign to them as if they had been cruising out to Mars on the far side of the solar system. Does their speed increase now that they are homeward bound? Of course not, since Biosphere 2 has literally not budged one inch since the day the experiment began. Yet figuratively, at re-entry minus thirty days and counting, I picture the psychological calendar of the biospherians, having earlier crept forward with agonizing slowness when the Biosphere’s food production waned and its oxygen level dropped, now flipping past pages with quickening speed.

      I am also intrigued by this enormous experiment because, for the first time, it addresses the missing link of space colonies. By the missing link I mean the understanding of the closed sustainable ecologies needed for human habitation in space. All other technologies needed to live off Earth—rocket travel, for example—were proven during the golden years of the Space Age. But no understanding about closed ecologies was gained in those years because all space missions to date have relied on a rigid system of consumable stores: food, water, propellants, and so on carried according to a complicated flight plan and meted out piece by piece until they are exhausted about the time, one hopes, of Earth re-entry. Consequently, the single unanswered question still before us would-be space colonists is: can a closed ecological system be devised to be resilient enough to sustain human life for years at a time, yet of a dimension small enough (Earth-sized is clearly too big) to be constructed and maintained by normal human activity?

      That this last and perhaps most complicated question would be explored first by a private venture rather than by a well-funded albeit ponderous government research establishment is, in my view, quite remarkable. Regardless of the outcome of these first experiments, the fact that steps toward understanding large biospheres have now been taken is to me both audacious and exciting.

      As you read here about life under glass, you may find it difficult to imagine Biosphere 2 as another world. It is, after all, just there, separated from our own world only by a simple airlock. СКАЧАТЬ