Survival: The Ultimate Mission. Robert M.D. Skaf

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СКАЧАТЬ with regard to the big bag. I for one disagree with this theory. Yes there may have been a big bang that resulted in the formation of several galaxies but we should not assume that this big bang was responsible for the creation of the entire universe. Let’s not forget that whoever came up with this theory, did not realize how huge our universe was. Modern astronomers believe that our universe is made up of over one hundred billion galaxies, whereas at the time the big bang theory was introduced, astronomers of the day knew only of the existence of few galaxies. Still, advocates of the big bang theory rely heavily on the expansion theory. They reason that our universe is still expanding as a result of this huge cosmic explosion that occurred some 15 billion years ago (close to sixty billion if you go by a new theory than adds the four directions where we can observe dying stars) and resulted in the creation of our universe. Firstly, the big bang theory assumes that the physical universe was at a standstill until there was a huge explosion. As we have seen and as we shall see, nothing in any universe disappear or become stagnant. The physical, the visible universe must stay in a perpetual state of transformation - and so is every other universe be it visible or invisible. Secondly, the use of the word expanding is misleading, for no one has ever proven an increase in the mass of the universe, the number of galaxies may fluctuate, new galaxies may be forming while at the same time others could be dying off, but the universal mass stays constant. Hubble could only observe galaxies speeding away at the edge of the universe. In any case, for anyone who believes in the existence of other universes, this expansion would become irrelevant. Our universe may appear to be expanding where in fact it is orbiting another universe. And this would have nothing to do with the big bang. As a matter of fact, this type of motion could be the proof that other universes do exist. The truth of the matter is when one is observing a galaxy that is billions of light years away, one can only speculate on all related aspects, including age and motion. It is a different story when it comes to the infinite universe; basically we have no idea how it looks like, let alone predict how it began and how it is going to end. The safest bet is to admit that the infinite universe had no beginning nor will it have an end, in another word, it has always existed. All we know is that this infinite universe including everything it is made from is always on the move and always evolving and transforming itself. And since it is infinite, it has an infinite number of ways by which it can continue to evolve, transform and recreate itself. On top of that, it is home to an infinite number of infinitely tiny particles and non-particles. This is why it is way too complicated for any human to understand how this infinitely huge structure that is made of an infinitely tiny visible and invisible matter came to be, function or evolve. Here is the bottom line: as humans we can only deal with what is finite; perhaps in the future another much advanced civilization may reach the level of sophistication to understand what is infinite; however, until then, we have no choice but to live with our limitation. Those who strongly believe in the big bang theory can only speculate on how the universe looked like before this event took place. In my view there ought to have had been something out there. The universe could not have been born out of nothing. As things currently stand, all we know is that most of our universe is made up of dark matter and dark energy. No one knows what this dark matter or dark energy is made of - much less determine how old it is. Also as we shall see later, the whole process of determining the age of the universe is flawed.

      Another reason to believe in the existence of other universes could be connected to the way galaxies look like huge flat discs swirling around each other. Quantum mechanics and the law of gravity may explain to us why atoms and other matters do not clump together into a single huge cohesive mega ball, but there has not been any speculation made about why all galaxies have to be shaped like a flat huge disk as opposed to being round as in a sphere. (As far as gravity goes, in simple terms, large objects stay away from each other by the same force that pulls them together. With respect to atoms; as discussed earlier according to quantum mechanics: there are no particles or non-particles. In that respect neutrons, protons and consequently quarks are no different than electrons or positrons. They all consist of waves. At least this is the way I understand it. Come to think about it, this is the most ingenious way of explaining how the universe does not contract to nothing. If one was to look at the universe as a huge cluster of tiny waves that are similar to light waves, how can one expect such waves to contract to nothing? It can’t be simpler than that. Now if one were to also see thoughts and dreams as waves, our entire existence would turn out to be made of waves. This, however, is a discussion for a different topic). Going back to the shape of galaxies; the best way to explain this phenomenon would be by comparing our universe to a huge bottomless sea. On our planet, object heavier than water sink to the bottom of the sea. But had our entire planet been formed of water or any other liquid, objects would only sink to the middle, for past a certain point they could sink no more and they would have to start floating upward to go any further in the same direction - impossible, nothing can float and sink on its own at the same time. One may argue that this observation may explain to us why galaxies are flat but cannot prove the existence of additional universes or the infiniteness of our universe. However, proving that the dark matter or dark energy is acting like a huge bottomless sea is an indication that the known universe has no empty zones and that it is all filled with some sort of matters. Had our universe contained any vacuum pockets, one would be able to envisage a much larger void or nothingness surrounding it. But since this is not the case, one has to assume that whatever is beyond our universe cannot be a void or nothingness. We either have nothingness or existence. Though, we are always thinking in terms of things being full or empty, in the infinite cosmos, we cannot have both. This is a law which can be called the law of existence. This observation may also explain how the motion of some galaxies may give the impression that our universe is expanding where in fact they are in the process of settling into a new position after they have been pushed around by other galaxies or they are newly formed and taking a free fall.

      There could be many reasons why we are unable to see universes beyond ours. The most likely one is distance. Based on the distance between our solar system and the closest one to us, the distance separating our universe from any other universes would have to be measured in trillions of light years. In terms of light speed, the diameter of our solar system is measured in minutes, whereas the distance to the closest star is measured in years. To have an idea how enormous the distance between two universes would be; one can simply figure out how many seconds to a year then multiply the number by the size of the universe, afterward, multiply this figure by the speed of light. Having done all that, one must find a corresponding formula to be factored into the equation. Conversely, if one were to find that the distance between two galaxies is on average one million times the size of either galaxy, then one must multiply this number by the figure arrived at in the previous calculation. The distance is so huge that one can doubt if we would ever be able to build an instrument which would allow us to peek through it let alone have a glimpse at the closest universe to us. We are looking at trillions of light years and perhaps more. Another reason is gravity. Even if we were to detect another universe, it would be impossible to see it, for the gravity of such a huge mass is not going to allow any light to escape. Now one can see how our universe may appear to be expanding where in fact it is orbiting around another universe. Indeed, observing our universe in action at its limits can prove to us that other universes exist.

      Universal pressure is another way to prove that our universe must be surrounded by several universes. Here is what I mean. The weight of the dark matter should technically crush everything under or around it - including us. The reason we stay intact, happens to be zero gravity, and we are not talking about the earth gravity. Our massive universe has no gravity because it has been cancelled by the gravities of the universes surrounding it. Our entire universe is trapped and is hanging weightlessly among all these universes. No weight means no pressure. Furthermore, this is the reason why there will never be a big crunch or big rip. A completely free standing universe may be subject to either development. But, there is no such thing. As we stated earlier, there is only an infinite universe which is composed of an infinite number of universes. Our universe will never experience a crunch because the gravities of the other universes are pulling it from all direction. The only time a big crunch may occur is when these universes merge together. However, this is impossible because they are also locked among other universes. These universes may be elastic but they are also trapped. They may cause, intermittently, our universe to shrink or expand; however, they will never crush СКАЧАТЬ