Ezekiel. John W. Hilber

Чтение книги онлайн.

СКАЧАТЬ well (Dan 10:5; 12:6). The writing kit most likely corresponds to the type known to be used by Egyptian scribes, containing a stylus and ink well.66 The mention of this detail is striking, which raises curiosity and draws the reader’s attention to the important task of this special angel among the seven (see below). The location where the executioners gather, the “bronze altar,” is the original temple altar built by Solomon. It was later relocated by Ahab, who replaced it with his own altar styled after Assyrian worship practices. He then reassigned Solomon’s altar for personal divination (2 Kgs 16:10–16). The executioners muster at the legitimate altar from which they will commence the destruction.

      9:3 the glory . . . went up: Inside the temple building itself were two rooms—an outer room, where the incense altar, table of bread, and lampstand were located, and an inner room called the “the Most Holy Place,” where two statues of heavenly creatures (“cherubim;” see discussion in chapter 10) stood guarding the ark of the covenant over which the cloud of God’s glory appeared (1 Kgs 6:14–28; 7:48–50; 8:6–11; cf. Exod 40:34). The departure of God’s presence from the temple begins as he moves from this inner room, the Most Holy Place, to the front door of the temple.

9:4 put a mark: The word translated “mark” is the name of the Hebrew letter, taw. In the ancient script, it took a form similar to the Latin letter “X.” The letter served as a generic mark to indicate one’s “signature” (Job 31:35). If this is the intention, it might suggest ownership.67 But in this context, it may simply have been a mark to distinguish those to be preserved from judgment (Ezek 9:6), similar in function to the blood on the doorpost during the exodus (Exod 12:13).

      9:5 without showing pity: The oracles of Ezekiel have already characterized God’s impending judgment as pitiless (Ezek 5:11; 7:4, 9), but this verse draws out the implications in clear and shocking terms. The language is similar to the destructive judgment that God ordered against the Canaanite population during Joshua’s conquest (Gen 15:16; Lev 18:24; Deut 7:1–2, 16; 20:16–17). Indeed, the point of such language in Ezek 9:6 is that the people of Jerusalem had become, practically speaking, no different than the Canaanites who were judged in an earlier generation. Consequently, the covenant sanctions now fall on Jerusalem (Lev 18:26–28; 20:22–23; Deut 28:49–50). Judgment is corporate and complete (see discussion below under Focus of Application).

      9:6 Begin at my sanctuary: In Israelite society, the elder men were the leaders, hence the particularly reprehensible scene in Ezek 8:11. Presumably, the men worshipping the sun with backs turned against the Lord (Ezek 8:16) are elders as well, and as leaders they are relatively more culpable than the general community. Hence judgment begins with them. Normally, the altar is a place of mercy (Exod 21:14; 1 Kgs 2:28; 2 Kgs 11:15), but with God’s holy presence leaving the temple, such sensitivities no longer matter.

9:8 I fell face down: It is a significant part of a prophet’s vocation to intercede (Gen 20:7; Num 12:13; Deut 9:25; 1 Kgs 18:36–37; Amos 7:2, 5; Jer 14:11). Ezekiel’s observation, that those preserved by the mark are few in number, is not surprising in view of Jeremiah’s experience (Jer 5:1–5). Yet it is not just the numbers that matter to him; rather, by invoking the notion of the “remnant,” Ezekiel shows his concern for the entire covenant plan of God. Without a remnant, the promise of God to bless the entire world though Abraham’s descendants is jeopardized (Gen 12:3; Exod 19:5–6).68 While concern for the nations is not a major theme in Ezekiel, it is nonetheless within the scope of his theology of hope (Ezek 47:22–23; see Special Topic: The Remnant).

      One must be careful about interpreting prophetic language with undue precision. On the one hand, Jer 5:1–5 would lead one to think that there were none worthy of the protective mark. Indeed, Ezekiel himself uses language that would indicate the complete, unqualified destruction of Jerusalem’s entire population (Ezek 5:1–4, 10; 7:11). At the same time, Ezekiel envisions a few survivors who escape (Ezek 6:8; 7:16). Such rhetoric makes the point that the number of those who “grieve and lament” must be a small minority.

      Special Topic: The Remnant

      Amos introduced the concept of a “remnant” in prophetic preaching to stress how complete judgment would be, such that only a few would survive (Amos 3:12; 5:3; 6:9–10; 9:1–4). Such use is ironic, rhetorically speaking, since “remnant” is hardly a positive image of hope in these texts. A similar use is found in Isaiah (Isa 1:9; 6:13), but Isaiah also introduces a reversal of this image to underscore the hope that God will ultimately restore blessing to his covenant people (Isa 7:3 [“Shear-Jashub” means a remnant shall return]; 10:20–23; 11:16; cf. Jer 31:7; 50:20; Mic 2:12; 4:6–7; 5:7; Zeph 2:7, 9). In these images of hope, there is an historical fulfillment in the restoration from Babylonian exile (Hag 1:12, 14; 2:2–3; Zech 8:6), but also an expectation for the permanence of Israel’s blessing (Zeph 3:11–13). Since the nation’s blessing did not endure in the postexilic period, the concept remains open to the future. The prophetic expectation is also for survivors from Gentile nations, who are blessed by Israel’s surviving remnant (Amos 9:12; Zech 8:11–13) if they submit to Israel’s saving God (Isa 45:20–22; cf. Mic 5:8, 15).

      9:10 down on their own heads: As in previous verses (Ezek 7:23; 8:17), the language in this vision points to the most despicable element of Jerusalem’s sin, violence and injustice (Ezek 9:9). This in turn determines the nature of judgment—violent desolation by warfare corresponding to their violent sin (cf. 1 Kgs 8:32).

      Theological Bridge to Application

      In tension with such a severe and complete description of judgment is the provision of protection for those who grieve over sin. God’s heart of mercy is evident. Even if no one receives the protective mark (Ezek 9:6), it is not because God was unwilling. At the same time, God’s mercy is conditioned on remorse (“those who grieve and lament” sin; Ezek 9:4). Of greatest concern to God is the condition of the human heart (Ps 51:17; Isa 57:15). This expectation in Ezekiel finds a particularly relevant parallel in the prophet Zephaniah, where it is the humble who have hope to survive impending judgment (Zeph 2:1–3) and so are numbered among the remnant (Zeph 3:12).

      Focus of Application

      The completeness of judgment in this vision is horrifying. Particularly disturbing in Ezek 9:6 is the suffering of children, whom we characteristically hold innocent. One factor in weighing the ethics of such judgment is understanding the realities of total warfare. In the ancient Near East, practically speaking, warfare often meant targeting complete civilian populations. This happens in modern warfare as well. The horrors of World War II came at the hands of both sides, each of which judged that total warfare, including the killing of non-combatants, was a practical necessity. In the ancient Near East, when God used a nation as an instrument of judgment against another nation (as in the impending Babylonian destruction of Jerusalem), it brought with it the necessary tragedies of war. The mention of “children” in Ezekiel’s language is the ancient way of referring to total warfare.

Another factor, no less important, is understanding that in some contexts guilt has corporate consequences (e.g., the Noahic flood, the plagues against Egypt, the conquest of Canaan, the destruction of Jerusalem, the subsequent destruction of Babylon, Jerusalem’s conqueror [cf. Jer 51:56; Isa 13:16]). The judgment on Jerusalem stemmed from covenant curses, which by nature carried with them terrifying consequences for the entire population of God’s people.69

      We should not to confuse the historical outworking of temporal judgment on Jerusalem through the Babylonians with our theology of eternal salvation. Our doctrine of salvation is much more complicated in terms of the application of the atonement and questions of accountability in eternal perspective. There is no one-to-one correspondence between the physical death of individuals during the Babylonian destruction СКАЧАТЬ