Ouidah. Robin Law

Чтение книги онлайн.

СКАЧАТЬ

      17. Van Dantzig, Dutch and the Guinea Coast, no. 274: Hertog, Jakin, 16 Feb. 1728, in Minutes of Council, Elmina, 23 March 1728. Assou’s involvement appears from ANF, C6/25, [Dupetitval], 20 May 1728.

      18. Robin Law (ed.), Correspondence of the Royal African Company’s Chief Factors at Cabo Corso Castle with William’s Fort, Whydah and the Little Popo Factory, 1727–8 (Madison, 1991), no. 15: Thomas Wilson, Ouidah, 24 Feb. 1728.

      19. ANF, C6/25, [Dupetitval], Ouidah, 20 May 1728; Law, Correspondence with William’s Fort, no. 19: Wilson, Ouidah, 29 April 1728.

      20. ANF, C6/25, [Dupetitval], Ouidah, 20 May 1728; Law, Correspondence with William’s Fort, nos 19, 22: Wilson, 29 April (PS of 3 May), 12 July 1728.

      21. Law, Correspondence with William’s Fort, no. 22: Wilson, 12 July 1728, PS of 19 July; ANF, C6/25, Minutes of Conseil de Direction, Fort Saint-Louis de Gregoy, 11 Aug. 1728.

      22. See account of negotiations in ANF, C6/25, Minutes of Conseil de Direction, 26 Aug.–3 Oct. 1728.

      23. ANF, C6/25, Dayrie, Jakin, 18 Aug. 1728, in Minutes of Conseil de Direction, 15 Aug. 1728; Dupetitval, Ouidah, 4 Oct. 1728.

      24. Snelgrave, New Account, 115–20; for the date, see ANF, C6/10, Dupetitval, 17 March 1729, summarized in Robert Harms, The Diligent (New York, 2002), 217–19. This reconstruction of the sequence of events amends that in Law, Slave Coast, 288–9, which assumed that Snelgrave’s account of the destruction of the French fort related to the Dahomian attack on 1 May 1728; also that of Akinjogbin, Dahomey, 84, that the second attack which destroyed the fort, occurred later in the same month.

      25. ANF, C6/25, Delisle, Dahomey, 7 Sept. 1728, in Minutes of Conseil de Direction, 13 Sept. 1728.

      26. This is clear from the fact that the Dahomians were unaware of the reoccupation of Ouidah by the exiled Hueda in 1729, until Agaja ‘sent down some of his traders, with slaves’ to the European forts there: Snelgrave, New Account, 125.

      27. Ibid., 123.

      28. ANF, C6/25, ‘Mémoire de la Compagnie des Indes contre le Sr Galot’, 8 Nov. 1730.

      29. Snelgrave, New Account, 123–8; for the dates, see PRO, T70/7, Charles Testefole, Ouidah, 30 Oct. 1729, which says that the Hueda occupied Ouidah from 23 April to 5 July [Old Style: = 4 May to 16 July, New Style].

      30. Viceroy of Brazil, 28 July 1729, in Verger, Flux et reflux, 149 (the fort storekeeper, Simão Cordoso).

      31. ANF, C6/25, ‘Mémoire de la Compagnie des Indes’, 8 Nov. 1730.

      32. Snelgrave, New Account, 130–34.

      33. PRO, T70/395, Sundry Accounts, William’s Fort, 30 June–31 Oct. 1729.

      34. PRO, T70/1466, Diary of Edward Deane, Ouidah, 30 Dec. 1729 & 21 Feb. 1730.

      35. PRO, T70/7, Brathwaite, Ouidah, 1 June & 16 Aug. 1730; João Basilio, Ouidah, 20 May 1731, in Verger, Flux et reflux, 153.

      36. Basilio, Ouidah, 20 May 1731, in Verger, Flux et reflux, 153–4; Van Dantzig, Dutch and the Guinea Coast, no. 305: Hertog, Jakin, 2 Aug. 1731; Harms, The Diligent, 151, 202–4, 234.

      37. ANF, C6/25, Levet, Ouidah, 26 Aug. 1733 (lettre de nouvelles): on a visit to Assou in his place of refuge in Popo, Levet reminded him of ‘what I did for him, with Dada [= Agaja], when the English Director wished to furnish canoes to all nations’.

      38. Snelgrave, New Account, 154.

      39. ANF, C6/25, Levet, Juda, 26 Aug. 1733 (nouvelles).

      40. One European account, written in the 1770s, Robert Norris, Memoirs of the Reign of Bossa Ahadee, King of Dahomy (London, 1789), 40–48, treats it as a personal name; and this is followed by Akinjogbin, Dahomey, 102–3. But after the original Tegan (or, more probably, his successor) was executed in 1743, his successor was also called Tegan: ANF, C6/25, Levet, 20 Aug. 1743. It may represent togan, a generic term for provincial governors.

      41. ANF, C6/25, Levet, Juda, 26 Aug. 1733 (nouvelles).

      42. Norris, Memoirs, 36–8, 40, uses the title Yovogan for the viceroys of Ouidah before 1745; and this is followed, for example, by Akinjogbin, Dahomey, 102–3, 119–20. But, in fact, this is clearly an anachronism. In records of the English fort, the title Tegan was used down to Sept. 1745, while that of Yovogan (‘Evegah’) first appears in Jan. 1746: PRO, T70/703–4, Sundry Accounts, William’s Fort, Sept.–Dec. 1745, Jan–April 1746. Dahomian tradition asserts that the title of Yovogan was created by Agaja, but local tradition in Ouidah says by his successor Tegbesu: Le Herissé, L’Ancien Royaume, 42; Reynier, ‘Ouidah’, 51.

      43. But note that local tradition attributes the foundation of Fonsaramè to the first Yovogan, Dasu, appointed under Tegbesu in the 1740s: Reynier, ‘Ouidah’, 51.

      44. PRO, T70/402, Castle Charges at Whydah, 12 July–31 Oct. 1734.

      45. ANF, C6/25, Levet, Juda, 26 Aug. 1733 (nouvelles).

      46. Agbo, Histoire, 112–14. Agbo says that the title was created by Tegbesu in the 1740s, but other accounts say by Agaja earlier: e. g. Sinou & Agbo, Ouidah, 161. The title of Cakanacou still survives as that of the chief of Zoungbodji; nowadays he claims the status of king (and is sometimes even represented to be ‘king of Ouidah’).

      47. PRO, T70/423, Sundry Accounts, William’s Fort, May–Aug. 1747 [‘Cockracoe’]

      48. E.g. ANF, C6/27, Gourg, ‘Mémoire pour servir d’instruction au Directeur’, 1791 [‘un poste appelé Cakeracou’]; John M’Leod, A Voyage to Africa (London, 1820), 102 [‘Kakeraken’s croom’]. The name Zoungbodji was first recorded in 1797: Vicente Ferreira Pires, Viagem de Africa em o reino de Dahomé (ed. Clado Ribeiro de Lessa, São Paulo, 1957), 28 [‘Zambugi’].

      49. ANF, C6/25, Levet, Ouidah, 21 Nov. 1733; cf. the later account of Norris, Memoirs, 27–9 (who, however, misdates this campaign to 1741). Norris suggests that it was originally intended that this king should rule in the Hueda place of refuge to the west, but the contemporary account indicates that he was set up as king in the Hueda homeland, at Savi.

      50. Norris, Memoirs, 29–30.

      51. Assogba, Découverte de la Côte des Esclaves, 18.

      52. Gavoy, ‘Note historique’, 56.

      53. Reynier, ‘Ouidah’, 47; Merlo, ‘Hiérarchie fétichiste’, 17.

      54. Norris, Memoirs, 35.

      55. PRO, T70/1158, 1160, Day Book, William’s Fort, May–June 1756, 10 Aug. 1769.

      56. Soglo, ‘Les Xweda’, 76–7. However, these traditions do not mention any king called Agbangla.

      57. Law, Slave Coast, 316–18; Gayibor, Le Genyi, 104–13.

      58. Norris, Memoirs, 26, says that the Hueda were ‘incorporated’ with the ‘Popoes’, so that the two became effectively ‘one nation’. Although often, as here, European СКАЧАТЬ