Ouidah. Robin Law

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СКАЧАТЬ XVe–XVIIIe siècle’ (Mémoire de maîtrise, UNB, 1994/5).

      3. Ewe and Adja are properly the names of particular subgroups of the linguistic family (in eastern Ghana and Togo), while Djedji derives from the name given to speakers of these languages in Brazil; ‘Gbe’ is a neologism, derived from the word for ‘tongue’ (and hence ‘language’) in these languages.

      4. Basilio de Zamora, ‘Cosmographia, o descripcion del mundo’ (MS of 1675, in Bibliotheca Publica do Estado, Toledo, Collecçion de MSS Bornon-Lorenzo, no. 244), 47; Joseph de Naxara, Espejo mistico, en que el hombre interior se mira prácticamente illustrado (Madrid, 1672), 278.

      5. As related retrospectively (1688) by Jean Barbot: Paul Hair et al. (eds), Barbot on Guinea: The Writings of Jean Barbot on West Africa, 1678–1712 (London, 1992), ii, 635–6.

      6. This Hueda successor-state has been little studied; but see Soglo, ‘Les Xweda’, 70–78.

      7. Robin Law (ed.), The English in West Africa 1681–83: The Local Correspondence of the Royal African Company of England 1681–99, Part 1 (London, 1997: hereafter cited as English in West Africa, i), no.476: John Thorne, Glehue, 24 May 1681.

      8. The suggestion of Burton, Mission, i, 61–2, that the name ‘Glehue’ was given to the town only after the Dahomian conquest in 1727 is clearly incorrect.

      9. Barbot, On Guinea, ii, 635.

      10. Burton, Mission, i, 108.

      11. ‘Fulao’, e.g. in Alonso de Sandoval, Naturaleza, policia sagrada i profana, costumbres i ritos, disciplina i catechismo evangelico de todos Etiopes (Seville, 1627), 51; ‘Foulaen’, in Olfert Dapper, Naukeurige Beschrijvinge der Afrikaensche Gewesten (2nd edn, Amsterdam, 1676), 2nd pagination, 115.

      12. For the Hula, see esp. A. Félix Iroko, Les Hula du XIVe au XIXe siècle (Cotonou, 2001), which concentrates on the original Hula homeland to the west. For traditions of Hula migrations to settle at Godomey and other places to the east, see Thomas Mouléro, ‘Histoire et légendes des Djêkens’, ED, ns, 3 (1964), 51–76.

      13. Jean-Baptiste Labat, Voyage du Chevalier des Marchais en Guinée, isles voisines et à Cayenne (2nd edn, Amsterdam, 1731), ii, 34. Here as often, the published version of this work includes material not in the original manuscript: ‘Journal du voiage de Guinée et Cayenne, par le Chevalier des Marchais’ (Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris: fonds français, 24223).

      14. Fieldwork, Glehue Daho compound, 3 Dec. 2001; Sinou & Agbo, Ouidah, 225.

      15. Described in Sinou & Agbo, Ouidah, 223.

      16. Brue, ‘Voyage fait en 1843, dans le royaume de Dahomey’, RC, 7 (1845), 55 (giving the name as ‘Passi’).

      17. Reynier, ‘Ouidah’, 47–8.

      18. Ibid., 47; but see, for example, Agbo, Histoire, 203, who describes the claim as ‘hazardous’.

      19. This version first in Gavoy, ‘Note historique’, 48. But the other early recension of local tradition, by Reynier, ‘Ouidah’, 47, is vaguer: Kpase merely ‘belonged to the Pedah [Hueda] family of which the head was the King of Savi’. The earliest recorded reference to Kpase, in the 1840s, presents him as a purely local figure, ‘cabocir [chief] of a small hamlet in the vicinity of Grégoué [Glehue]’: Brue, ‘Voyage’, 55.

      20. So Gavoy, ‘Note historique’, 52, and later sources deriving from him, which list only five kings down to and including Hufon (1708–27). However, other versions of the Hueda king list include several additional names: one lists 13 kings of whom Kpase is the eighth, another 14 with Kpase the fourth; for discussion, see Soglo, ‘Les Xweda’, 47–51. Some of the additional kings listed (Yé, Amiton) appear in fact to be persons who ruled over sections of the Hueda in exile after the Dahomian conquest of the kingdom.

      21. Mouléro ‘Histoire’, 43–4; also Reynier, ‘Ouidah’, 51–2.

      22. Hufon’s attack on Kposi is linked by tradition to his war against King Agaja of Dahomey (in 1727), but accounts differ in detail: Mouléro says that Hufon attacked Kposi because he refused to assist him against Agaja, but Reynier says that Hufon’s attack on Kposi came first, and Kposi incited Agaja to attack Hufon in revenge.

      23. Barbot, On Guinea, ii, 636.

      24. Robin Law, The Kingdom of Allada (Leiden, 1997), 42.

      25. E.g. Gavoy, ‘Note historique’, 48–9; Reynier, ‘Ouidah’, 38.

      26. Burton, Mission, i, 146. An earlier (1840s) version of the tradition of the arrival of the first Europeans mentions only Kpase, not Kpate: Brue, ‘Voyage’, 55.

      27. For the former version, see Gavoy, ‘Note historique’, 48–9; for the latter, Reynier, ‘Ouidah’, 51–2.

      28. Reynier, ‘Ouidah’, 38, 47.

      29. Fieldwork, Kpatenon compound, 3 Dec. 2001. This version claims that Kpate was settled in Ouidah even before Kpase, and gave him land to settle there.

      30. E.g. Merlo, ‘Hiérarchie fétichiste’, 6.

      31. The Hunon’s compound in Sogbadji is described Sinou & Agbo, Ouidah, 201.

      32. Reynier, ‘Ouidah’, 36; fieldwork, Déhoué compound, 9 Jan. 1996. Another account claims that the Hunon settled in Sogbadji only during the reign of King Glele of Dahomey (1858–89): K. Fall et al., ‘Typologie des cultes vodoun’, in Sinou & Agbo, Ouidah, 72.

      33. Fieldwork, Dagbo Hounon compound, 18 Jan. 1996.

      34. Thomas Phillips, ‘A Journal of a Voyage made in the Hannibal of London’, in Awnsham Churchill & John Churchill, Collection of Voyages and Travels (London, 1732), vi, 226; William Bosman, A New and Accurate Description of the Coast of Guinea (London, 1705), 383.

      35. Melville J. Herskovits, Dahomey (New York, 1938), ii, 155. The worship of the crocodile was also noted in the 1690s, and the name Tokpodun first recorded in the 1860s: Phillips, ‘Journal’, 223; Burton, Mission, ii, 148.

      36. For the Dangbe cult, see esp. Christian Merlo & Pierre Vidaud, ‘Dangbe et le peuplement houeda’, in François de Medeiros (ed.), Peuples du Golfe du Bénin (Paris, 1984), 269–304.

      37. Described in Sinou & Agbo, Ouidah, 195–7.

      38. E.g. Agbo, Histoire, 15–16, who says that Kpase ‘consecrated his town to the fetish Dangbe’.

      39. Bosman, Description, 368a, 383.

      40. The main Dangbe shrine was in fact located outside Savi, according to European accounts of the early 18th century 3/4 or 1/2 a league (1-1/2–2 miles/2–3 km) away: ‘Relation du royaume de Judas en Guinée’ (MS. of c. 1715, ANF, Dépôt des Fortifications des Colonies, Côtes d’Afrique 104), 60; Labat, Voyage, ii, 154. However, an earlier (1690s) source gives a much greater distance, about 2 [Dutch] miles (= 8 English miles/12 km), perhaps a different site: Bosman, Description, 370. Some versions of local tradition maintain that the earliest shrine of Dangbe was in a forest outside Ouidah to the north, near the modern Roman Catholic seminary, СКАЧАТЬ