People Must Live by Work. Steven Attewell

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      People Must Live by Work

      POLITICS AND CULTURE IN MODERN AMERICA

       Series Editors:

      Margot Canaday, Glenda Gilmore,

      Michael Kazin, Stephen Pitti, Thomas J. Sugrue

      Volumes in the series narrate and analyze political and social change in the broadest dimensions from 1865 to the present, including ideas about the ways people have sought and wielded power in the public sphere and the language and institutions of politics at all levels—local, national, and transnational. The series is motivated by a desire to reverse the fragmentation of modern U.S. history and to encourage synthetic perspectives on social movements and the state, on gender, race, and labor, and on intellectual history and popular culture.

      People Must Live by Work

      Direct Job Creation in America, from FDR to Reagan

      Steven Attewell

      UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLYANIA PRESS

      PHILADELPHIA

      Copyright © 2018 University of Pennsylvania Press

      All rights reserved.

      Except for brief quotations used for purposes of review or scholarly citation, none of this book may be reproduced in any form by any means without written permission from the publisher.

      Published by

      University of Pennsylvania Press

      Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4112

       www.upenn.edu/pennpress

      Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper

      1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2

       Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

      ISBN 978-0-8122-5043-5

      Contents

       List of Abbreviations

       Introduction. Prehistory of an Idea

       Chapter 1. First Objective of Reform: Direct Job Creation in the Committee of Economic Security and the Designing of the New Deal

       Chapter 2. People or Projects: The Works Progress Administration Versus the Public Works Administration Reconsidered as Economic Theory and Ideology

       Chapter 3. “One Third of a Nation”: WPA Direct Job Creation Reconsidered as a Policy Success

       Chapter 4. Right to Work? Rethinking the Promise of Full Employment in the 1945 Moment

       Chapter 5. Jobs and Freedom: The Missing Front in the War on Poverty

       Chapter 6. The 1978 Humphrey-Hawkins Act: The High-Water Mark for Direct Job Creation in “the New Deal That Never Happened”

       Conclusion. Jobs and the Policy Imagination

       Notes

       Index

       Acknowledgments

      Abbreviations

AAA	Agricultural Adjustment Administration
ACA	Advisory Committee on Allotments
AFDC	Aid to Families with Dependent Children
AFL-CIO	American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations
APD	American political development
ARRA	American Recovery and Relief Act
CAP	Community Action Program
CCC	Civilian Conservation Corps
CEA	Council of Economic Advisers
CES	Committee on Economic Security
CETA	Comprehensive Employment and Training Act
CWA	Civil Works Administration
EITC	Earned Income Tax Credit
ELR	employer of last resort
ERA	Emergency Relief Appropriation Act
FAP	Family Assistance Plan
FEB	Full Employment Bill
FERA	Federal Emergency Relief Administration
GMI	guaranteed minimum income
HEW	Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
HHA	Humphrey-Hawkins Act
NAIRU	non-accelerating-inflation rate of unemployment
NEC	National Emergency Council
NIT	Negative Income Tax
NRA	National Recovery Administration
NRPB	National Resources Planning Board
NWRO	National Welfare Rights Organization
NYA	National Youth Authority
OEO	Office of Economic Opportunity
OMB	Office of Management and Budget
OPA	Office of Price Administration
PBJI	Program for Better Jobs and Income
PECE	President’s Committee for Employment
POUR	President’s Organization on Unemployment Relief
PSE	public service employment
PWA	Public Works Administration
TERA	Temporary Emergency Relief Administration
UI	Unemployment Insurance
USES	U.S. Employment Service
WPA	Works Progress Administration

      Introduction

      Prehistory of an Idea

      People Must Live by Work discusses the history of an idea, one that seems completely alien to Americans today: that the government should fight unemployment (especially, but not only, in massive global depressions) by hiring the unemployed directly. The policymakers who invented and elaborated on this idea believed СКАЧАТЬ