Depression. Aaron T. Beck, M.D.

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       AGITATED VERSUS RETARDED

       PSYCHOTIC VERSUS NEUROTIC

       Endogenous and Exogenous Depressions

       ORIGIN OF ENDOGENOUS-EXOGENOUS MODEL

       “THE GREAT DEBATES”

       DISTINCTION BETWEEN ENDOGENOUS AND REACTIVE DEPRESSIONS

       SYSTEMATIC STUDIES

       Methodological Problems

       Studies of Symptomatology

       Physiological Responses and Tests

       Body Build

       Response to Treatment

       Depressive Equivalents

       Depressions Secondary to Somatic Disorders

       5. Psychotic Versus Nonpsychotic Depression

       “Psychoneurotic” Depressive Reaction

       DEFINITION

       EVOLUTION OF THE CONCEPT

       Severe Depression with Psychotic Features (Psychotic Depressive Reaction)

       CASE 1

       CASE 2

       CASE 3

       Contemporary Diagnosis

       6. Bipolar Disorders

       History and Definition

       Current Criteria for Bipolar Disorder

       Relationship of Manic to Depressive Episodes

       Symptomatology of Manic Phase

       EMOTIONAL MANIFESTATIONS

       Elation

       Increased Gratification

       Self-Love

       Increased Attachment to People and Activities

       Increased Mirth Response

       COGNITIVE MANIFESTATIONS

       Positive Self-Image

       Positive Expectations

       Assignment of Blame

       Denial

       Arbitrariness

       Delusions

       MOTIVATIONAL MANIFESTATIONS

       Impulse-Driven

       Action-Oriented

       Drive for Independence

       Drive for Self-Enhancement

       PHYSICAL AND VEGETATIVE MANIFESTATIONS

       Hyperactivity

       High Tolerance for Fatigue

       Appetite

       Increased Libido

       Insomnia

       Behavioral Observations of Manic Phase

       Periodicity of Manic-Depressive Behavior

       Premorbid Personality of Manic-Depressive Patients

       Issues for Further Study

       CLASSIFICATION PROBLEMS

       GOAL ACHIEVEMENT AND MANIC SYMPTOMS

       7. Involutional Depression

       History of the Concept

       Etiology

       Age

       Symptomatology

       Premorbid Personality

       Conclusion

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