Congressional Giants. J. Michael Martinez

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СКАЧАТЬ Triumvirate demonstrated the power of elected leaders to shape the life of the nation, even if they never captured the presidency. These three men indeed were congressional giants, and their collective footsteps reverberated for generations.

      NOTES

      1. See, for example, H. W. Brands, Heirs of the Founders: The Epic Rivalry of Henry Clay, John Calhoun and Daniel Webster: The Second Generation of American Giants (New York: Doubleday, 2018).

      2. Brands, Heirs of the Founders, 12–13; Scott Farris, Almost President: The Men Who Lost the Race But Changed the Nation (Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2012), 24; David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler, Henry Clay: The Essential American (New York: Random House, 2010), 3–42; Robert V. Remini, Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union (New York and London: W. W. Norton, 1991), 3–31.

      3. Farris, Almost President, 21; Heidler and Heidler, Henry Clay, 46–51.

      4. Richard B. Cheney and Lynne V. Cheney, Kings of the Hill: How Nine Powerful Men Changed the Course of American History (New York: Touchstone Books, 1996 [1983]), 3; Heidler and Heidler, Henry Clay, 61–63; Remini, Henry Clay, 43–44.

      5. Heidler and Heidler, Henry Clay, 54–64; Merrill D. Peterson, The Great Triumvirate: Webster, Clay, and Calhoun (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987), 14–15; Remini, Henry Clay, 42–43.

      6. Heidler and Heidler, Henry Clay, 68.

      7. See, for example, Michael Beschloss, Presidents of War: The Epic Story from 1807 to Modern Times (New York: Crown, 2018), 7–36; Cheney and Cheney, Kings of the Hill, 6.

      8. Cheney and Cheney, Kings of the Hill, 3; Heidler and Heidler, Henry Clay, 68–74.

      9. Heidler and Heidler, Henry Clay, 75–76; Remini, Henry Clay, 59–63.

      10. Cheney and Cheney, Kings of the Hill, 8–9; Farris, Almost President, 24–25; Peterson, The Great Triumvirate, 51–53; Remini, Henry Clay, 72–93.

      11. Clay is quoted in Calvin Colton, The Life of Henry Clay, the Great American Statesman (New York: A. S. Barnes & Company, 1855), Vol. I, 165. See also Cheney and Cheney, Kings of the Hill, 9; Farris, Almost President, 25.

      12. Heidler and Heidler, Henry Clay, 90–93; Hugh Howard, Mr. and Mrs. Madison’s War: America’s First Couple and the Second War of Independence (New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2012), 24–29.

      13. Brands, Heirs of the Founders, 26–31; Cheney and Cheney, Kings of the Hill, 12–15; Heidler and Heidler, Henry Clay, 90–99.

      14. Beschloss, Presidents of War, 57–96; Peterson, The Great Triumvirate, 38–46.

      15. Brands, Heirs of the Founders, 60–62; Farris, Almost President, 25–26; Peterson, The Great Triumvirate, 44–45.

      16. Brands, Heirs of the Founders, 62–63; Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848 (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 15–18, 70–79.

      17. Brands, Heirs of the Founders, 53–60, 62–66; Peterson, The Great Triumvirate, 44–46.

      18. Heidler and Heidler, Henry Clay, 121–24; Peterson, The Great Triumvirate, 50–56.

      19. Brands, Heirs of the Founders, 64–66.

      20. Heidler and Heidler, Henry Clay, 131–32; David Waldstreicher, Slavery’s Constitution: From Revolution to Ratification (New York: Hill and Wang, 2009), 3–19.

      21. Waldstreicher, Slavery’s Constitution, 83–90.

      22. Heidler and Heidler, Henry Clay, 139–48; Waldstreicher, Slavery’s Constitution, 73–90.

      23. Fergus M. Bordewich, America’s Great Debate: Henry Clay, Stephen A. Douglas, and the Compromise That Preserved the Union (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012), 76–82.

      24. The amendment is quoted in Jeff Forrest, Ph.D., Issues & Controversies in American History: Slavery in the United States (New York: Facts on File, Inc., 2012), 180.

      25. Hannis Taylor, The Origin and Growth of the American Constitution: An Historical Treatise (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1911), 280; Heidler and Heidler, Henry Clay, 143–44; Howe, What Hath God Wrought, 147–48.

      26. Bordewich, America’s Great Debate, 80. See also Farris, Almost President, 27; Howe, What Hath God Wrought, 147–60.

      27. Much has been written about the election of 1824. See, for example, Farris, Almost President, 27–29; Heidler and Heidler, Henry Clay, 154–85; Howe, What Hath God Wrought, 203–11; Joseph Nathan Kane, Facts About the Presidents (New York: Ace Books, 1976), 81–82; Nancy E. Marion, The Politics of Disgrace: The Role of Political Scandal in American Politics (Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2010), 55; Jules Witcover, Party of the People: A History of the Democrats (New York: Random House, 2003), 127–29.

      28. Brands, Heirs of the Founders, 124–26; Heidler and Heidler, Henry Clay, 190–96.

      29. The circumstances surrounding the 1828 presidential election are recounted in numerous sources. See, for example, H. W. Brands, Andrew Jackson: His Life and Times (New York: Doubleday, 2005), 389–405; Brands, Heirs of the Founders, 144–47; Farris, Almost President, 30–31; Jon Meacham, American Lion: Andrew Jackson in the White House (New York: Random House, 2008), 4–7.

      30. Heidler and Heidler, Henry Clay, 231–36.

      31. Clay is quoted in Henry Clay, The Life and Speeches of Henry Clay of Kentucky, Vol. 2 (New York: James B. Swain, 1843), 177. See also Brands, Andrew Jackson, 501, 502; Farris, Almost President, 30; Meacham, American Lion, 278–79. The anecdote about not shooting Henry Clay or hanging John C. Calhoun is found in many sources. See, for example, Remini, Henry Clay, 677–78.

      32. Brands, Andrew Jackson, 473–75; Farris, Almost President, 33; Kane, Facts About the Presidents, 90; Meacham, American Lion, 220.

      33. The “nullification crisis” has been discussed in many sources. See, for example, Brands, Heirs of the Founders, 197–218; and Howe, What Hath God Wrought, 395–410. The classic study is William H. Freehling, Prelude to Civil War: The Nullification Controversy in South Carolina, 1816–1836 (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992 [1965]).

      34. Bordewich, America’s Great Debate, 82–84; Forrest McDonald, States’ Rights and the Union: Imperium in Imperio, 1776–1876 (Lawrence: The University Press of Kansas, 2000), 108–10; Peterson, The Great Triumvirate, 212–33.

      35. Heidler and Heidler, Henry Clay, 312–16; Remini, Henry Clay, 458–70; Witcover, Party of the People, 158–60.

      36. Brands, Heirs of the Founders, 253–58; Heidler and Heidler, Henry Clay, 269–75.

      37. Kane, Facts About the Presidents, 102–3; Witcover, Party of the People, 150–54.

      38. Remini, Henry Clay, 566–69; Robert V. Remini, Daniel Webster: The Man and His Time (New York and London: W. W. Norton, 1997), 511–12; Witcover, Party of the People, 158–60.

      39. The quotes are from Gary May, John Tyler: The American Presidents, Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., and Sean Wilentz, editors (New York: Times Books, and Imprint of Henry Holt and Company, 2008), 59. See also Heidler and Heidler, Henry Clay, 338–40; Remini, СКАЧАТЬ