Tuttle Chinese-English Dictionary. Li Dong

Чтение книги онлайн.

СКАЧАТЬ List 2 on pages xvi–xvii for the common measure words.

      In Chinese grammar, particles are words attached to other words or at the end of a sentence to indicate grammatical concepts or to express emotions. For example, the particles 了 le, 着 zhe, 过 guo are attached to verbs to indicate, respectively, whether the actions denoted are completed, in progress or past experiences.

      4.2 Word classes

      Following are brief explanations of the basic terms in Chinese grammar used in this dictionary. (A word of warning: it is a rather complicated matter to define grammatical terms accurately. Here we will be content with some general but useful ideas.)

ADJECTIVE	a describing word, a word that describes people, things or actions, typically used before a noun
ADVERB	a word that modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb
CONJUNCTION	a word used to link two words, phrases or sentences, indicating certain relationships between them
IDIOM	a set phrase, the meaning of which cannot be readily derived from its components
INTERJECTION	a word that expresses strong emotions
MEASURE WORD	a word that connects a numeral to a noun. Measure words are a special feature of Chinese; a list of measure words is given in List 2
MODAL VERB	a word used before a verb to indicate necessity, possibility, willingness, etc.
NOUN	a naming word, a word that names people, animals, plants, things, ideas, etc.
NUMERAL	a word that represents a number, typically used with a noun
ONOMATOPOEIA	a word that imitates the sounds of a thing or an action
PARTICLE	a word used with another word, phrase, or sentence to indicate certain grammatical meanings or to express strong emotions
PREPOSITION	a word used before a noun or pronoun to indicate time, place, direction, manner, reason of an action, etc.
PRONOUN	a word that is used in the place of a noun, a verb, an adjective, etc.
VERB	an action word, a word that indicates what somebody does or feels

      4.3 Other grammar terms

ATTRIBUTE	the element that modifies the subject or object of a sentence; or, in word-formation analysis, a word that modifies a noun
ADVERBIAL	the element that is used before the predicate of a sentence and modifies it; or, in word-formation analysis, a word that precedes a verb or an adjective to modify it
COMPLEMENT	the element that is used after the predicate of a sentence and modifies it; or, in word-formation analysis, a word that follows a verb or an adjective to modify it
IMPERATIVE SENTENCE	a command or a request
OBJECT	the element that follows a predicative verb, typically to indicate the target of an action
PREDICATE	the comment or information about the subject, typically a verb or an adjective
PREFIX	an additional element that immediately precedes the word it is attached to
SUBJECT	the topic of a sentence, what the speaker wants to talk about, typically a noun or pronoun
SUFFIX	an additional element that closely follows the word it is attached to

      List 1

       Meaningful Character Components

      冫 = freezing, ice (e.g. 冰 bīng, 冷 lěng, 寒 hán)

      讠, 言 = word (e.g. 语 yǔ, 词 cí)

      八 = dividing (e.g. 分 fēn, 半 bàn)

      亻, 人 = man, person (e.g. 他 tā, 信 xìn)

      刂, 刀 = knife (e.g. 利 lì, 剩 shèng)

      力 = muscle, strength (e.g. 男 nán, 办 bàn)

      阝(on the left) = mound, steps (e.g. 院 yuàn, 附 fù)

      阝(on the right) = city, region (e.g. 部 bù, 邮 yóu)

      氵, 水 = water (e.g. 河 hé, 海 hǎi)

      忄, 心 = the heart, emotions (e.g. 情 qíng, 怕 pà, 感 gǎn)

      宀 = roof, house (e.g. 家 jiā, 室 shì)

      广 = roof, hut (e.g. 庭 tíng, 店 diàn)

      门 = door, gate (e.g. 闻 wén, 间 jiān)

      土 = earth (e.g. 场 chǎng, 城 chéng)

      女 = woman (e.g. 妇 fù, 妈 mā)

      饣, 食 = food (e.g. 饭 fàn, 饱 bǎo)

      口 = the mouth, speech, eating (e.g. 问 wèn, 吃 chī)

      囗 = boundary (e.g. 围 wéi, 园 yuán)

      子, 孑 = child (e.g. 孩 hái, 学 xué)

      艹 = plant, vegetation (e.g. 草 cǎo, 菜 cài)

      纟 = silk, texture (e.g. 组 zǔ, 纸 zhǐ)

      辶 = walking (e.g. 道 dào, 过 guò)

      彳 = path, walking (e.g. 行 xíng, 往 wǎng)

      巾 = cloth (e.g. 布 bù, 带 dài)

      马 = horse (e.g. 骑 qí)

      扌, 手, 攵 = the hand, action (e.g. 拿 ná, 擦 cā)

      灬, 火 = fire, heat (e.g. 烧 shāo, 热 rè)

      礻, 示 = spirit (e.g. 神 shén, 祖 zǔ)

      户 = door, window (e.g. 房 fáng)

      父 = father (e.g. 爸 bà)

      日 = the sun (e.g. 晴 qíng, 暖 nuǎn)

      月= the moon (e.g. 阴 yīn, 明 míng)

      月, 肉 = flesh, human organ (e.g. 脸 liǎn, 脚 jiǎo)

      贝 = shell, treasure (e.g. 贵 guì)

      止 = toe (e.g. 步 bù)

      木 = tree, timber (e.g. 树 shù, 板 bǎn)

      王, 玉 = jade (e.g. 理 lǐ, 球 qiú)

      见 = seeing (e.g. 视 shì, 现 xiàn)

      气 = vapor (e.g. 汽 qì)

      车 = vehicle (e.g. 辆 liàng)

      疒 = disease, ailment (e.g. 病 bìng, 疼 téng)

      立 = standing (e.g. 站 zhàn, 位 wèi)

      穴 = cave, hole (e.g. 空 kōng, 窗 chuāng)

      衤, 衣 = clothing (e.g. 裤 kù, 袜 wà)

      钅, 金 = metal (e.g. 银 yín, 钱 qián)

      石 = stone, rock (e.g. 碗 wǎn, 磁 cí)

      目 = the eye (e.g. 眼 yǎn, 睡 shuì)

      田 = farm, field (e.g. 界 jiè, 里 lǐ)

      瓜 СКАЧАТЬ