stearic, caproic, caprylic, lauric, myristic acids), mannosan and galactans, 15% red tannin, choline, and the alkaloids arecoline 0.1% (C8H13NO2; oily liquid, colorless, odorless, very alkaline, volatile in water vapor; very soluble in water, alcohol, ether, chloroform; b.p. 209°), its isomer arecolidine (C8H13NO2; colorless crystals; m.p. 105°; freely soluble in
water, alcohol, ether, acetone), arecaidine (or arecaine; C7H11NO2 • H2O; colorless plates; decomposing at 232°; freely soluble in water; insoluble in absolute alcohol, chloroform, ether, benzene), guvacoline (C7H11NO2; colorless alkaline liquid; b.p. 114°; soluble in alcohol, chloroform), guvacine (C6H9NO2; colorless prisms; decomposing at 295°; soluble in water; almost insoluble in absolute alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene).151 Arecoline is closely related to pilocarpine in its action; it stimulates peristalsis and produces marked bronchial constriction by peripheral action, which is overcome by atropine or epinephrine.152 It is vermicidal, and is now used as such only in veterinary medicine in the U.S., because of its toxic effects and unreliability.
Used in Chinese medicine as taeniafuge. Dose, 30 gm. areca powder in 200 cc. water, simmered 1 hour, taken before breakfast; if expulsion does not take place within 9 hours, 50 cc. of 50% magnesium sulfate solution may be taken; side effects include mild dyspnea, diaphoresis, vertigo, and nausea.
Dragon's blood palm. A climbing rattan palm. Stem several hundred feet long, climbing about other trees, 6 cm. thick, thorny. Leaves compound pinnate. Flowers yellowish white, corollate. Fruit spherical, coarse, covered with yellowish brown scales. Malaysia.
The resinous secretion which is found on the fruits is used medicinally. It appears in the pharmacies as red sticks, pieces, or cakes, fracture vitreous, odorless and almost tasteless, m.p. about 120°, soluble in alcohol, insoluble in water. It makes a bright crimson powder which is easily ignited. It contains about 12-15% of the bright yellow, amorphous dracoresene, 2-3% white amorphous dracoalban;148 benzoic and cinnamic acids.140 The resin is astringent.
Used as internal hemostatic. Dose, 1-3 gm., powdered and taken in wine.
TRACHYCARPUS FORTUNEI H. Wendl. (Palmae)
Hemp or windmill palm. Growing to 15 m., the trunk covered with the remains of the old leaf sheaths. Leaves numerous, roundish, 40-80 cm. long by 0.6-1.2 m. wide, deeply divided into narrow, pointed segments 3 cm. wide, the leafstalk rough. Flowers in large hanging panicles among the crown of leaves, dioecious, yellowish; sepals and petals free; stamens 6; carpels 3. Fruit drupe-like, bluish, pea-sized, pericarp fleshy. Southern China, Burma, Japan. (Syn. T. excelsa Wendl., Chamaerops excelsa Thunb.)
The seeds are officinal and occur 1 cm. long by 6 mm. in diameter, reniform, greenish yellow, leathery. They contain mannosan, galactan, saccharose, and a large amount of tannin.47
Used as astringent hemostatic, both internally and externally. Dose, 7-15 gm.
STEMONA TUBEROSA Lour. (Stemonaceae)
An herbaceous volubilate plant, attaining 10 m. in height. Roots tuberous, fusiform. Leaves opposite, triangular-oval, barely cordate at the base, rather truncate, acuminate, 9-15 cm. long by 6-12 cm. wide. Inflorescence axillary; March-June; perianth in 4 segments, reddish yellow, 4 cm. in diameter; stamens 4; ovary 1-celled, conical. Fruit an oblong capsule, 35 mm. long. Central China, Indochina, Taiwan, India. (Syn. Roxburghia gloriosoides Roxb., R. viridiflora Smith, R. stemona Steud.)
The drug occurs as yellowish white, cylindrical tubers, the interior hollow and dark brown. The taste is bittersweet. The tubers contain stemonine (C22H33NO4; white needles, odorless, slightly bitter; soluble in alcohol, ether, acetone, toluene, benzene, chloroform; m.p. 160°),151 which is mildly toxic. Stemonine calms the respiratory center; it is strongly effective against Pediculus capitus, P. corporis, and Phthirus pubis without irritation or toxicity.151
Used internally as antitussive. Dose, 5-10 gm. Externally, as pediculicide.
TYPHA LATIFOLIA L. (Typhaceae)
Cattail. A reed-like plant growing in dense stands. Root-stock thick. Leaves stiff, 1.5-2.7 m. long, scarcely 19 mm. wide. Floral spike terminal, cylindrical, brownish, 15-20 cm. long. Flowers extremely minute, numerous, being crowded in the dense spike, monoecious. Staminate flowers at upper end of the spike, evanescent; no perianth; stamens 2-7 united at the base to a common short filament; usually accompanied by numerous bristly hairs. Pistillate flowers consisting of a single, simple pistil on a short stalk; style long, slender; stigma flattened; ovary 1-celled. Cosmopolitan.
The yellow pollen is collected for medicinal use. It contains iso-rhamnetin (C16H12O7), fatty oil, and a sitosterol.140 Used internally as hemostatic and diuretic. Dose, 5-10 gm. Externally, as astringent and dessicant vulnerary.
ALPINIA OFFICINARUM Hance. (Zingiberaceae)
Galanga. A ginger-like, perennial, leafy-stemmed herb, 0.7-1.2 m. tall. Rhizome creeping, 12-18 mm. in diameter, reddish brown, glabrous, covered with fibrous scales which leave irregular rings. Leaves cartilaginous, glabrous, lanceolate, 29-40 cm. long by 24 mm. wide; sheath scariose. Inflorescence paniculate, enclosed in the superior sheaths before anthesis. Bracts very small, caducous. Calyx tubular, with 3 short teeth; corolla longer than the calyx, lobes 15-20 mm. long by 4-5 mm. wide; stamens awl-shaped, short; labium white streaked with red, entire, 20 mm. long, 15-18 mm. wide; ovary 3-celled. Fruit a 3-valved capsule. Southern China, Hainan, northern Vietnam.
The rhizome occurs pharmaceutically as long transverse pieces 11.5 cm. long by 2 cm. in diameter, ramificate, dark reddish or cinnamon brown, texture fibrous, surface annulate with yellowish, wavy leaf bases. The odor is aromatic, the taste aromatic and pungent. The drug contains the oily, acrid resin galangol (C15H10O5 • H2O; yellow needles; m.p. 217°; very soluble in alcohol; slightly soluble in ether, chloroform; insoluble in water), 0.5-5.0% essential oil (comprising cineol, eugenol, pinene, cadinene, methyl cinnamate), a sesquiterpene, and dioxyflavonol.151 The action of galangol and the essential oil is that of an aromatic stimulant, with effects similar to those of ginger.144
Prescribed as stomachic in dyspepsia, gastralgia, chronic enteritis. Dose, 1-3 gm.
(In Japan, A. kumatake Mak. is employed.)
AMOMUM CARDAMOMUM L. (Zingiberaceae)
Round or cluster cardamom. An herbaceous perennial, the stem leafy, fleshy, about 1.8 m. tall. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, 20-30 cm. long, margin entire. Floral stalk growing directly from the creeping rootstock, much shorter than the stem. Flowers in dense spicate clusters, brownish yellow, tubular, 2.5 cm. long, with a distinct lip. Fruit a capsule, growing in clusters, green when immature, white when ripe, with 3 blunt angles, 3-celled, containing 9-12 seeds. East Indies.
The fruits occur as golden capsules, globular, villous, glabrous, 16 mm. in diameter, 3-celled. The seeds contain an essential oil comprising cineol, camphor, d-borneol, terpineol.140 The taste is pungent and slightly
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