Lifespan Development. Tara L. Kuther

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СКАЧАТЬ can explain simple strategies for reducing emotional arousal, such as limiting sensory input (covering their eyes), talking to themselves (“It’s not scary”), or changing their goals (“I want to play blocks,” after having been excluded by children who were playing another game) (R. A. Thompson & Goodvin, 2007). Emotion regulation strategies are a response to emotions, change with age, and also influence children’s emotional experience (Eisenberg, Spinrad, & Knafo-Noam, 2015).

      Parents remain important resources for emotional management in childhood. Mothers’ emotional awareness and management skills influence children’s emotional regulation skills (Crespo, Trentacosta, Aikins, & Wargo-Aikins, 2017). Parents who are responsive when children are distressed, who frame experiences for children (e.g., by acting cheery during a trip to the doctor), and who explain expectations and strategies for emotional management both model and foster emotion regulation (Sala, Pons, & Molina, 2014). In contrast, dismissive or hostile reactions to children’s emotions prevent them from learning how to manage and not be overwhelmed by their emotions (Zeman, Cassano, & Adrian, 2013). Emotion regulation skill is associated with both social competence and overall adjustment (Deneault & Ricard, 2013). Children who are able to direct their attention and distract themselves when distressed or frustrated become well-behaved students and are well liked by peers (McClelland & Cameron, 2011). Emotional regulation is also influenced by physical functioning. The Brain and Biological Influences on Development feature examines the role of sleep in emotional regulation.

      Empathy and Prosocial Behavior

      In early childhood, young children develop the cognitive and language skills that permit them to reflect on emotions, talk about emotions, and convey feelings of empathy, the ability to understand someone’s feelings (Stern & Cassidy, 2018). Empathy stems from the perspective-taking ability that emerges with theory of mind. The child must imagine another’s perspective in order to understand how that person feels (Eisenberg, Spinrad, & Knafo-Noam, 2015). A secure attachment to a caregiver helps children develop the emotional understanding and regulation skills on which empathy depends (Ştefan & Avram, 2018).

      Brain and Biological Influences on Development

      Sleep and Emotional Regulation in Young Children

      Sleep plays an important role in development throughout infancy, childhood, and adolescence and remains important in adulthood (Gómez & Edgin, 2015). We sleep most as infants, and sleep duration naturally declines about 20% from infancy into early childhood (Honaker & Meltzer, 2014). Most young children sleep 10 to 11 hours each night (Magee, Gordon, & Caputi, 2014).

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