American Democracy in Context. Joseph A. Pika

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СКАЧАТЬ for ControlThe Development of American Political PartiesEarly Party FormationThe First Party System, 1800–1820The Second Party System, 1828–1854150 Years of Democrats and RepublicansThe Golden Age of Parties, 1860–1900Republican Dominance and Progressive Reform, 1900–1932The New Deal and Democratic Dominance, 1932–1964Republican Recovery, 1964–PresentReforms Weaken the Parties: Round TwoThe Parties TodayElectoral Realignments and Partisan ChangeThe Structure of American PartiesThe Party in the ElectorateThe Party OrganizationState and Local Party OrganizationsNational CommitteesCongressional Campaign CommitteesThe Resurgence of National Party OrganizationsThe Party in GovernmentParties in CongressPresidents and PartiesParties in State GovernmentThe Two-Party SystemThe U.S. Electoral System and the Two-Party SystemThird Parties in the Two-Party SystemThird Parties Can Make a DifferenceResponsible Party GovernmentPicture Yourself … As A Member Of Great Britain’s Conservative PartyInterest Groups in American PoliticsCitizen GroupsCorporationsLabor UnionsTrade, Professional, and Agricultural AssociationsOther Groups That Lobby OfficialsSocial MovementsMovements That Have Made a Major ImpactInterest Group Representation and the Organization of Public OpinionOrganization of the Well-OffProducer Interests and Consumer InterestsSpecial Circumstances Affecting Group OrganizationContiguous ResidenceAgeStrategic LocationConsequences for DemocracyChapter 8: Nominations and ElectionsPerspective: How Long Should Election Campaigns Last?The Development of Elections in the United StatesThe Presidential CampaignSelecting the DelegatesPrimaries and CaucusesHow Representative Are Primaries and Caucuses?The Road to NominationThe Early Contests: The Importance of TimingFrontloading and the Schedule of ContestsThe National ConventionCandidate Selection Compared With Other CountriesPicture Yourself … As An Engaged VoterThe General ElectionCongressional ElectionsManipulation of District BoundariesIncumbents’ Other AdvantagesControl of the NewsStaff to Support ConstituentsEasier Access to Campaign ContributionsExperienceParty AccountabilityElectoral Systems and Their EffectsThe United States: Winner-Take-AllProportional RepresentationThe Electoral College and Presidential ElectionsPopular Versus Electoral VotesStrategic CampaigningAnti-Participation EffectsSmall-Population Versus Large-Population StatesCasting Pledged VotesPositive EffectsProposals for Changing the Electoral CollegeElections and the Representation of Women and MinoritiesCampaign FinanceThe Dilemma of Limiting Campaign SpendingRegulating Campaign Finance for Parties and CandidatesCompliance and DisclosureLimits to ContributionsPublic Financing for Presidential Candidates“Stand by Your Ad”Independent Expenditures by OthersForeign Interference in Campaigns and ElectionsHow Other Countries Regulate Campaign FinanceConsequences for DemocracyChapter 9: Participation, Voting Behavior, and CampaignsPerspective: Why Is Voter Turnout Lower in the United States Than in Many Countries?Political ParticipationUnconventional ParticipationUnconventional Participation as a NecessityUnconventional Participation as a TacticConventional ParticipationVoter TurnoutThe Decline of Voter Turnout in the Twentieth CenturyFactors Affecting TurnoutConvenienceMotivationWho Votes?Picture Yourself … as a Voter in IsraelAgeEthnicityIncomeWhat Difference Does It Make Who Votes?Turnout in Congressional ElectionsVoting in ReferendumsHow People Make Voting DecisionsLow Levels of InformationThe CandidatesThe State of the Nation and the EconomyParty IdentificationPolicy IssuesWho Votes for Whom?Political Campaigns and the Voters’ ChoicesTechnology and the Tools of the CampaignPollsFocus GroupsTelevision AdvertisementsFree MediaWebsites and Social Networking SitesTargeted MarketingThe Flow of Factors in the CampaignThe CandidatesState of the Nation and the EconomyParty IdentificationElectoral Mobilization Versus Changing MindsParty Polarization Among VotersConsequences for DemocracyChapter 10: Media and PoliticsPerspective: How Have the Internet and Social Media Affected Politics?The Functions of the MediaReporting and Interpreting the NewsHelping to Set the Public AgendaServing as Agents of SocializationServing as a Public ForumProviding EntertainmentTracing the Development of Media in the United StatesBeginningsThe Partisan PressThe Penny Press and Yellow JournalismThe Rise of Objective Journalism and the Fourth EstateRadioTelevisionSocial Media and the InternetGovernment Regulation of the MediaRegulating the AirwavesRegulating Broadcast ContentRegulating the InternetPicture Yourself … As A Journalist In Saudi ArabiaGovernment and the MediaPresidents and the PressCongress and the PressThe Supreme Court and the PressElectionsAssessing the MediaBiased NewsFormulaic NewsConsequences for Democracy

      8 Part IV Institutions of American DemocracyChapter 11: CongressPerspective: Can Legislatures Exercise Effective Control Over the use of Force?The Functions of CongressLegitimacy and RepresentationModels of RepresentationPork Barrel Projects and EarmarksDemographic RepresentationConstituency ServiceLawmakingExecutive OversightShaping Foreign PolicyConstitutional PowersNecessary and Proper ClauseImpeachmentAppointmentsThe Structure of CongressBicameralismDistinctive House and Senate RulesCongressional SessionsCommittees and SubcommitteesHow Congress OperatesInfluence in CongressRank-and-File MembersParty LeadersCommittee and Subcommittee ChairsCongressional StaffCongressional Support AgenciesPicture Yourself … Visiting the Parliament House in New Delhi, IndiaAssembling Coalitions Makes Action PossibleDecentralizing ForcesCentralizing ForcesFrom Czars to Committee Government to Party DictatorsPresidential Influence on Congressional CoalitionsThe Legislative ProcessThe Budget ProcessConsequences for DemocracyChapter 12: The PresidencyPerspective: Why Have the Norms for Presidential Communication Changed?Presidential and Parliamentary SystemsThe Evolving Job of PresidentConstitutional RolesCommander in Chief of the Armed ForcesChief DiplomatPicture Yourself … In Caracas, VenezuelaChief LegislatorChief AdministratorChief MagistrateExtra-Constitutional RolesChief BudgeterChief EconomistPolitical Leader and Head of StateTheories of Presidential PowerPublic Approval of PresidentsThe Institutional PresidencyThe Executive Office of the PresidentThe Vice PresidentThe CabinetPresidential Goals and Keys to SuccessPersonal AbilityLegislative StrategyAppealing to PartySetting the Legislative AgendaIssuing VetoesGoing PublicAdministrative StrategyRegulationsUnilateral Executive ActionsJudicial StrategyJudicial SelectionEnforcementConsequences for DemocracyChapter 13: BureaucracyPerspective: How do Governments Respond During Natural Disasters?Democracy and Bureaucracy in the United StatesFeatures of a Modern BureaucracyWeber’s Model of BureaucracyDistinctive Features of U.S. BureaucracyA Cultural Distrust of Government Power and CapacityLack of Constitutional StandingUncertain GuidanceNeutral Agents Are Forced to Be PoliticalExperimental StructuresThe Checkered History of Bureaucracy in the United StatesHamilton Versus JeffersonNineteenth-Century ChangesThe Creation of the U.S. Civil ServiceThe Complex Structure of the Federal BureaucracyDepartmentsIndependent AgenciesIndependent Regulatory CommissionsGovernment CorporationsHybrid OrganizationsThe Size of the Federal BureaucracyThe Search for ControlAnnual Budget ReviewsAuthorization of ProgramsOversight of Agency PerformanceNomination and Confirmation of Political AppointeesReorganization of the BureaucracyDramatic Reorganizations: The National Security ApparatusPicture Yourself … Advising the President on Policy Toward RussiaManaging Public EmployeesWhen Control Proves ElusiveConsequences for DemocracyChapter 14: The JudiciaryPerspective: When do Reactions to Unpopular Court Decisions Threaten Judicial Independence?An Independent Judiciary Enforcing the Rule of LawThe Creation of Judicial ReviewPrecedents for Judicial ReviewThe Framers’ IntentMarbury v. MadisonThe Context of Marbury v. MadisonThe Decision in Marbury v. MadisonJudicial Review of State ActionJudicial Review Around the WorldPicture Yourself … As A U.S. Marshal Charged With Protecting Federal JudgesAn Overview of the U.S. Court SystemThe Federal Court SystemU.S. District CourtsU.S. Courts of AppealsThe U.S. Supreme CourtState Court SystemsThe Supreme Court in ActionGetting to the CourtHow the Court Decides CasesThe Role of Judicial Philosophy in Decision MakingThe Jurisprudence of Original IntentJudicial Restraint Versus Judicial ActivismLimits on the Supreme CourtConstitutional ChecksNoncomplianceHow Judges Are SelectedThe Selection of Supreme Court JusticesChoosing Supreme Court NomineesConfirming Supreme Court NomineesThe Selection of Lower Federal Court JudgesSenatorial Courtesy Versus Presidential PrerogativeDiversifying the BenchJudicial Selection in the StatesConsequences for Democracy

      9 Part V Public PolicyChapter 15: Domestic and Economic PolicyPerspective: What Can the United States Learn from Canada’s Legalization of Recreational Marijuana?Making Public PolicyAn Idealized СКАЧАТЬ