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      2. ZEOLITE - CLINOPTILOLITE OF THE “AYDAG” DEPOSIT, ITS STRUCTURE AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES

      by Prof. Dr. Elchin Khalilov, Azerbaycan

      2.1. Introduction

      Natural clinoptilolite-zeolite is a microporous tuff stone, aluminum silicate with channels of a crystal lattice of 0.4 nm, filled with ions and water. The zeolite crystal lattice originated millions of years ago from volcanic lava and lava ash, expelled during eruptions and falling into the sea, in combination with colloidal boiling sea water. Zeolite may contain all the elements of the periodic table. In the works /18,19/ the properties, production and use of natural zeolite in various fields, including medicine, are described in detail. Zeo comes from the Greek zein, which means boil. Lite comes from the Greek "litho", which means stone. Thus, zeolite is translated as “boiling stone”, since when heated, it begins to intensively release the fluids present in its pores, which resembles the boiling process.

      In 1756, zeolite was first described by the Swedish mineralogist Kronstedt. There are three forms of zeolite: phase, layered (layered) and crystalline. Clinoptilolite-zeolite is one of the crystalline forms. The main structure of clinoptilolite-zeolites is a crystal lattice with hollow spaces of about 4 Angstroms (1 Angstrom = 10-10 m = 0.1 nm).

      To date, at least 34 minerals have been discovered in natural zeolites (clinoptilolites). Often they are present only in traces, as required by a living organism of a highly developed species. Most of the elements of the periodic table are contained in zeolites. Therefore, zeolite-clinoptilolite is excellent for treating people and animals.

      2.2. Zeolite crystal lattice

      The clinoptilolite crystal lattice is created by a three-dimensional lattice. It consists of silica tetrahedra (SiO₄)^{4 -} interconnected by oxygen atoms, and some of the silicon atoms are replaced by aluminum atoms (AlO₄)^5- .Thus, a characteristic spatial structure is created, characterized by a significant number of pores, which, when connected together, create small, which are metal cations, or water molecules. The total volume of these pores is 24 - 32%.

      Figure 4: Natural zeolite of the Aydag deposit

      (Tovuz region of Azerbaijan).

      Natural zeolite-clinoptilolite has the following specific physicochemical properties:

       intense ion exchange and selectivity;

       reversible hydration and dehydration;

       extremely high gas absorption capacity;

       high temperature resistance;

       resistance to aggressive environments;

      Natural zeolite-clinoptilolite (fig.4.) is characterized by high heat resistance and resistance to aggressive substances, in particular to acids and ionizing radiation. In humans and animals, no harmful effects were found with prolonged use in tolerated doses of drugs based on natural clinoptilolite zeolite. Natural clinoptilolite-zeolite acts as an auto-bioregulator (autopilot) in humans and animals, with hydrated SiO₂ playing a major role.

      2.3. The chemical composition of the zeolite-clinoptilolite of the Aydag deposit

      Clinoptilolite-zeolite deposits on our planet do not have the same composition. An essential factor is the Si/Al ratio. This should be at least 1: 4.

       Figure 5: (IR) spectrum (a) and diffractogram (b) of the natural zeolite of the Aydag deposit.

      Studies of the natural zeolite of the Aydag deposit were carried out by a number of methods and instruments. So, gamma spectrometric analysis was carried out using a SARI-2 gamma spectrometer. In addition, studies were carried out on a DRON-1 X-ray diffractometer and using an IR (IR) spectrometer, fig.5.

      Studies of the natural zeolite of the Aydag deposit were carried out by a number of methods and instruments. So, gamma spectrometric analysis was carried out using a SARI-2 gamma spectrometer. In addition, studies were carried out on a DRON-1 X-ray diffractometer and using an IR spectrometer. In figure 3. shown: IR spectrum (a) and diffraction pattern (b) of the natural zeolite of the Aydag deposit.

      The oxide formula of clinoptilolite is : (Na₂K₂)∙O∙Al₂O₃∙10SiO₂∙8H₂O, and its crystal chemical formula is Ca_4,5∙Al₉Si₂₄O₇₂.

      In the composition of the zeolite-clinoptilolite of the Aydag deposit, the Si / Al ratio is: 4.25 - 5.25

      Table 3. The chemical and microelement composition of the natural zeolite of the Aydag deposit.

Chemical compound	Content in %		Name trace element	Content in%
SiO2	64,80		Be	0,0001
Al2O3	10,80		Mn	0,02
Fe2O3	1,30		Pb	0,002
TiO2	0,23		Mg	>1%
CaO	2,92		Sl	>1%
MgO	3,83		Ga	0,001
P2O5	0,08		Fe	>1%
MnO	10,02		Sn	< 0,001%
K2O	1,54		Al	>1%
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