The Republic. Plato

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СКАЧАТЬ profound meaning to my words; but I am only saying that deception, or being deceived or uninformed about the highest realities in the highest part of themselves, which is the soul, and in that part of them to have and to hold the lie, is what mankind least like;—that, I say, is what they utterly detest.

      There is nothing more hateful to them.

      And, as I was just now remarking, this ignorance in the soul of him who is deceived may be called the true lie; for the lie in words is only a kind of imitation and shadowy image of a previous affection of the soul, not pure unadulterated falsehood. Am I not right?

      Perfectly right.

      The true lie is hated not only by the gods, but also by men?

      Yes.

      Whereas the lie in words is in certain cases useful and not hateful; in dealing with enemies—that would be an instance; or again, when those whom we call our friends in a fit of madness or illusion are going to do some harm, then it is useful and is a sort of medicine or preventive; also in the tales of mythology, of which we were just now speaking—because we do not know the truth about ancient times, we make falsehood as much like truth as we can, and so turn it to account.

      Very true, he said.

      But can any of these reasons apply to God? Can we suppose that he is ignorant of antiquity, and therefore has recourse to invention?

      That would be ridiculous, he said.

      Then the lying poet has no place in our idea of God?

      I should say not.

      Or perhaps he may tell a lie because he is afraid of enemies?

      That is inconceivable.

      But he may have friends who are senseless or mad?

      But no mad or senseless person can be a friend of God.

      Then no motive can be imagined why God should lie?

      None whatever.

      Then the superhuman and divine is absolutely incapable of falsehood?

      Yes.

      Then is God perfectly simple and true both in word and deed; he changes not; he deceives not, either by sign or word, by dream or waking vision.

      Your thoughts, he said, are the reflection of my own.

      You agree with me then, I said, that this is the second type or form in which we should write and speak about divine things. The gods are not magicians who transform themselves, neither do they deceive mankind in any way.

      I grant that.

      Then, although we are admirers of Homer, we do not admire the lying dream which Zeus sends to Agamemnon; neither will we praise the verses of Aeschylus in which Thetis says that Apollo at her nuptials

      Was celebrating in song her fair progeny whose days were to be long, and to know no sickness. And when he had spoken of my lot as in all things blessed of heaven he raised a note of triumph and cheered my soul. And I thought that the word of Phoebus being divine and full of prophecy, would not fail. And now he himself who uttered the strain, he who was present at the banquet, and who said this—he it is who has slain my son.

      These are the kind of sentiments about the gods which will arouse our anger; and he who utters them shall be refused a chorus; neither shall we allow teachers to make use of them in the instruction of the young, meaning, as we do, that our guardians, as far as men can be, should be true worshippers of the gods and like them.

      I entirely agree, be said, in these principles, and promise to make them my laws.

BOOK III

       Table of Contents

      SOCRATES - ADEIMANTUS

      SUCH then, I said, are our principles of theology—some tales are to be told, and others are not to be told to our disciples from their youth upwards, if we mean them to honour the gods and their parents, and to value friendship with one another.

      Yes; and I think that our principles are right, he said.

      But if they are to be courageous, must they not learn other lessons besides these, and lessons of such a kind as will take away the fear of death? Can any man be courageous who has the fear of death in him?

      Certainly not, he said.

      And can he be fearless of death, or will he choose death in battle rather than defeat and slavery, who believes the world below to be real and terrible?

      Impossible.

      Then we must assume a control over the narrators of this class of tales as well as over the others, and beg them not simply to but rather to commend the world below, intimating to them that their descriptions are untrue, and will do harm to our future warriors.

      That will be our duty, he said.

      Then, I said, we shall have to obliterate many obnoxious passages, beginning with the verses,

      I would rather he a serf on the land of a poor and portionless

       man than rule over all the dead who have come to nought.

      We must also expunge the verse, which tells us how Pluto feared,

      Lest the mansions grim and squalid which the gods abhor should be seen both of mortals and immortals.

      And again:

      O heavens! verily in the house of Hades there is soul and ghostly form but no mind at all!

      Again of Tiresias:—

      [To him even after death did Persephone grant mind,] that he alone should be wise; but the other souls are flitting shades.

      Again:—

      The soul flying from the limbs had gone to Hades, lamentng her fate, leaving manhood and youth.

      Again:—

      And the soul, with shrilling cry, passed like smoke beneath the earth.

      And—

      As bats in hollow of mystic cavern, whenever any of the has dropped out of the string and falls from the rock, fly shrilling and cling to one another, so did they with shrilling cry hold together as they moved.

      And we must beg Homer and the other poets not to be angry if we strike out these and similar passages, not because they are unpoetical, or unattractive to the popular ear, but because the greater the poetical charm of them, the less are they meet for the ears of boys and men who are meant to be free, and who should fear slavery more than death.

      Undoubtedly.

      Also we shall СКАЧАТЬ