THE KANTIAN ETHICS: Metaphysics of Morals - Philosophy of Law & The Doctrine of Virtue, Perpetual Peace and The Critique of Practical Reason. Immanuel Kant
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СКАЧАТЬ all higher rational speculation. By Austin the system was methodically applied to the positive determination of the juridical conceptions; under aid of the resources of the German Historical School, with the result that Right was made the mere 'creature' of positive law, and the whole Rational Method pretentiously condemned as irrational 'jargon.' In Austin[37] we have only the positive outcome of Hobbes and Hume and Bentham. The later forms of this legal positivism have not been fruitful in scientific result, and the superficiality and infutility of the standpoint are becoming more and more apparent. Nor does the Utilitarian Principle,[38] with all its seeming justice and humanity, appear capable of longer satisfying the popular mind with its deepening Consciousness of Right, or of resolving the more fundamental political problems that are again coming into view. In this connection we may quote and apply the authority of Sir Henry Sumner Maine when he says:[39] 'There is such widespread dissatisfaction with existing theories of jurisprudence, and so general a conviction that they do not really solve the questions they pretend to dispose of, as to justify the suspicion that some line of inquiry necessary to a perfect result has been incompletely followed, or altogether omitted by their authors.' The present unsatisfactory condition of the Science of Right in England—if not in Scotland[40]—could not be better indicated.

      In these circumstances, no other alternative is left for us but a renewed and deepened appeal to the universal principle of Reason, as the essential condition of all true progress and certainty. And in the present dearth of philosophical origination and the presence of the unassimilated products of well-nigh a century of thought, it seems as if the prosecution of this Method of all methods can only now be fruitfully carried on by a return to Kant and advance through his System. Enough has perhaps already been said to indicate the recognised importance of the Kantian standpoint, and even to point to the rich fields of thought and inquiry that open everywhere around it to the student. Into these fields it was the original intention of the translator to attempt to furnish some more definite guidance by illustrative comment and historical reference in detail, but this intention must be abandoned meanwhile, and all the more readily as it must be reckoned at the most but a duty of subordinate obligation and of secondary importance. The Translation is therefore sent forth by itself in reliance upon its intelligibility as a faithful rendering of the original, and in the hope that it will prove at once a help to the Students and an auxiliary to the Masters of our present juridical science.

      W. H.

      Edinburgh, January 1887.

      Bibliographical note

       Table of Contents

      Röder remarks (i. 254) that by far the most of the later philosophical writers on Natural Right—nomen illis legio!—follow the system of Kant and Fichte, which is in the main identical in principle with that of Thomasius. It was impossible to refer to them in detail in these prefatory remarks, but it may be useful to quote the following as the more important works on the subject from this standpoint since the appearance of Kant's Rechtslehre:—

       A. Mellin, Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Rechte, 1796.

       P. J. A. Feuerbach, Kritik des natürlichen Rechts, 1796.

       H. Stephani, Grundlinien der Rechtswissenschaft, 1797.

       Ph. Schmutz, Erklärung der Rechte des Menschen u. des Bürgers, 1798.

       ——, Handbuch der Rechtsphilosophie, 1807.

       R. Gerstäcker, Metaphysik des Rechts, 1802.

       L. Bendavid, Versuch einer Rechtslehre, 1802.

       K. H. v. Gros, Lehrbuch des Naturrechts, 1802. 6 Ausg. 1841.

       Friès, Philosophische Rechtslehre u. Kritik aller positiven Gesetz Gebung, 1803.

       L. N. Jacob, Philosophische Rechtslehre, 2 A. 1802.

       K. S. Zachariä, Anfangsgründe der Philosoph. Privatrechts, 1804.

       ——, Philosophische Rechtslehre o. Naturrecht u. Staatslehre, 1819.

       ——, Vierzig Bucher vom Staate, 1839-43.

       Chr. Weiss, Lehrbuch der Philosophie des Rechts, 1804.

       A. Bauer, Lehrbuch des Naturrechts, 1808. 3 Ausg. 1825.

       J. C. F. Meister, Lehrbuch des Naturrechts, 1809.

       Dresch, Systematische Entwickelung der Grundbegriffe u. Grundprinzipien des gesammten Privatrechts, Staatsrechts, und Volkerrechts, 1810, 1822.

       V. Zeiller, Naturrecht, 1813.

       W. F. Krug, Dikäologie oder philosophische Rechtslehre, 1817, 1830.

       Eschenmeyer, Normalrecht, 2 Thle. 1819.

       S. Beck, Lehrbuch des Naturrechts, 1820.

       V. Droste-Hülshoff, Lehrbuch des Naturrechts o. der Rechtsphilosophie, 1823, 1831.

       Pölitz, Natur- und Volkerrecht, Staats- und Staatenrecht, 1823, 1825.

       J. Haus, Elementa doctrinæ philosophiæ sive juris naturalis. Gondavi, 1824.

       K. von Rotteck, Lehrbuch des Vernunftrechts und der Staatswissenschaft, 4 Bde. 1829-34, 1841.

       Ant. Virozsil, Epitome juris naturalis. Pesthini, 1839.

       F. Fischer, Naturrecht und natürliche Staatslehre, 1848.

       G. Schilling, Lehrbuch des Naturrechts, 1859.

      Besides these a considerable number of similar German works might be referred to by Schaumann, Heydenreich, Klein, A. Thomas, Weiss, J. K. Schmid, T. M. Zachariä, Stöckhardt, E. Reinhold, Schnabel, Pfitzer, and others.

      Of the French works, from the Kantian standpoint, may be quoted (Ahrens, i. 326):—

       M. Bussart, Elements de droit naturel privé. Fribourg en Suisse, 1836.

       V. Belime, Philosophie du droit. Paris, 1844, 4 ed. 1881.

      In Italy, where the Philosophy of Law has been cultivated 'with great zeal and intelligence' (Ahrens, i. 327; Röder, Krit. Zeitschrift für Rechtswiss. xv. 1, 2, 3), the Kantian system has been ably discussed by Mancini, Mamiani, Rosmini, Poli, and others. Its chief representatives have been—

       Baroli, Diritto naturale privato e publico, 6 vol. Cremona, 1837.

       Tolomei, Corso elementare di diritto naturale, 2 ed. Padova, 1855.

       Soria di Crispan, Filosofia di diritto publico. (Philosophie du droit public. Brux. 1853-4.) Transl. into French.

       Rosmini-Serbati, Filosofia del diritto, 1841. (In part Kantian.)

      [Since writing the foregoing Preface there has come to hand the important work, 'La Vita del Diritto, nei suoi rapporti colla Vita СКАЧАТЬ