Dan Cruickshank’s Bridges: Heroic Designs that Changed the World. Dan Cruickshank

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СКАЧАТЬ the diverse peoples that it contained. The Mehmed Paša Sokolovi Bridge was completed in 1577 to the designs of the Ottoman court architect Mimar Sinan on the orders of the Grand Vizier of Bosnia. Sinan was the greatest architect of the Golden Age of Ottoman power, the designer of the spectacular mid-sixteenth century Süleymaniye Mosque complex in Istanbul that remains an exemplary essay in the creation of an Islamic paradise on earth.

      Sinan’s bridge over the Drina was nobly conceived – it was to measure 180 metres and cross the water by means of eleven stone-built pointed arches, each with spans of between 11 and 15 metres. In the novel, the Vizier had, as a boy, been kidnapped into slavery in Bosnia and resolved to build a bridge at Višegrad to purge his memories of initiation into slavery aboard a boat while crossing the Drina. The tale woven around fact tells of the harsh conditions and chaos of the initial phases of construction – marked by episodes of gruesome cruelty – gradually giving way to order, to harmony, and to final completion when the bridge becomes a source of pride and prosperity for Muslims and Christians alike.

      The bridge, with its mid-span meeting place, assumed the symbolic – in many ways actual – role of town centre and focus of activities that gave the community identity and cohesion. Then decline sets in, the bridge loses its importance as a trade route and finally – in the novel and in reality – soon after the start of the First World War ceased to exist as any sort of route at all because retreating Austrian forces blew up a number of its arches as the enemy approached. As Andrew Saint has observed of the way the bridge is presented in this novel: ‘Here is an engineer’s story, [it is] about courage, effort and technique; about the benefits a magnificent and useful monument can confer across generations; about amazement at its construction and pride in its endurance’.⁶ He could have added that the story also talks of the way bridges can bring prosperity and unite communities.

      The real-life story of the bridge across the Drina after the publication of the novel (that in 1961 won the Nobel prize for literature) has bizarre and brutal twists worthy of the darker moments of Andric’s imagination. The three arches destroyed in the First World War were repaired, as were the five subsequently destroyed in the Second World War and by the 1990s the bridge was regarded as a major historic and architectural monument of Yugoslavia. Then descended the dark and ancient shadow of hatred and cruelty. There was division, fragmentation, a return to religious war, the imposition of the ghastly mechanisms of ‘ethnic cleansing’ and land appropriation by the most violent means imaginable. In 1992 a large group of local Muslims were herded to the centre of the bridge – to the place of creative and convivial gatherings in Andric’s vision of the history of the bridge – and then flung off ‘and shot at for sport by Serbs as they fell’.⁷ The bridge, now again a place of calm and beauty but more than ever haunted, currently belongs to the Republic of Serbia. Few visit it: the suffering it has seen is too great for most to bear.

      One bridge nearby, with a comparable history and story, I have explored in detail. The bridge at Mostar was completed in 1566 and with a single and elegant stone arch spanning 29 metres and rising 19 metres above the water, is one of the great engineering marvels of the Ottoman empire – a testimony to the taste, culture and scientific skills of the Muslim world that created it. The construction technique was ingenious – the limestone blocks were finely cut and their joints strengthened by the use of wrought iron pins, set in lead to prevent them rusting, expanding and cracking the stone. As in Andric’s story of the bridge at Drina, the bridge at Mostar – with what many at the time believed was the longest stone-built arched span in the world – became a great source of local pride and brought prosperity and distinction to the town. It also became the focus of customs and rituals – notably offering young Mostar males of all persuasions the opportunity to publicly demonstrate their virility to all who might be interested by leaping from the crown of the bridge into the generally shallow water below.

      The history, beauty and technical excellence of this bridge proved its undoing. The same vicious conflict following the break-up of Yugoslavia that led to the deaths on the bridge across the Drina also engulfed Mostar. The town had a complex and mixed community – Orthodox Christian Bosnian Serbs, Slavic Muslims and Roman Catholic Croats – and in mid 1992 this long stable but potentially volatile community fragmented. Fighting flared on opposite sides of the bridge, each the territory of neighbours now in conflict. Outside forces arrived and the bridge became a target – this was culture very much in the firing line. The bridge was obviously of military and strategic significance in the fighting – but it was also a symbol, an emblem of Muslim presence, of Islamic culture. As such some of the fighting factions found it intolerable. Despite attacks, the bridge managed to survive until November 1993 when Croat forces finally shelled it to destruction.

      When the fighting gradually died down, and Mostar found itself stabilized as part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, it was resolved that this cultural wonder must be rebuilt. This was not only to reclaim lost beauty and history, but was to be an act of reconciliation that would give Mostar back its heart, its identity and its role as a trading centre. The European Union got involved, money was made available by various states and an exemplary reconstruction took place utilizing as many of the old stones as possible and using traditional building materials and techniques. By July 2004 the great wrong had been put right and the noble bridge rebuilt. I saw it a few months later. It looked superb, as if the last ten years had never been. Mostar has its wonderful bridge back, the ancient trade routes are reconnected, and customs revived. Even while I was there muscular young men were gaily tossing themselves off the top of the arch to splash into the water far below. But near the bridge I spied a stone standing against a wall, and on the stone was written, ‘Don’t forget’. The stark and powerful words provoked memories of ancient, prophetic texts, especially those touching on mortality and transience. I looked up the famous lines from the eleventh century Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam: ‘The moving finger writes: and, having writ, moves on: nor all your piety nor wit shall lure it back to cancel half a line. Nor all your tears wash out a word of it’.⁸ Yes indeed, we are ‘weighed in the balance, and…found wanting’ (Daniel, 5:27). A bridge, for all its engineering wonder and potential symbolism, is in many ways just a bridge, a physical fact. The sign near the bridge at Mostar, I suppose, is saying that some things when lost cannot be found, that it is easier to mend a broken bridge than it is a broken heart.

      Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in November 2004. The beautiful mid-sixteenth century bridge had recently been reconstructed after its destruction in 1993, but the words written on a stone nearby – ‘Don’t Forget’ – were a reminder that the intense emotions that had been aroused by the destruction of the bridge (a symbol of Muslim culture as well as a military target) – had not been fully pacified by its rebuilding.

      The bridges at Višegrad and Mostar have, by turn, been symbols of identity, despair, death and redemption. Other bridges have not had such emotional, roller coaster rides but, nevertheless, have still enjoyed extraordinary existences that have made them central to the life of their city or nation and so much more than just routes of communication or means of crossing a great divide. The Széchenyi chain bridge in Budapest, stretching 375 meters across the Danube and completed in 1849, launched the fortunes of the city and has become a symbol of Hungarian pride and liberty (see page 245). Similarly, although for differing reasons, the Brooklyn Bridge in New York (see page 284), the Sydney Harbour Bridge (see page 218), and the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco (see page 228) have all become the much-loved emblems of the cities in which they stand. These were all, in their time and in their different ways, bold technical pioneers and creations of epic scale and ambition. But earlier ages have also СКАЧАТЬ