Breasts: An Owner’s Manual: Every Woman’s Guide to Reducing Cancer Risk, Making Treatment Choices and Optimising Outcomes. Kristi Funk

Чтение книги онлайн.

СКАЧАТЬ have a basis in fact. I repeatedly hear two schools of thought. One involves stating that tight bras compress the lymphatic system of the breast, which leads to toxins building up within the breast tissue itself, deleteriously altering the cells. This has no grounding in breast anatomy or physiology. We treat breast lymphedema (a blockage of lymphatic fluids within the breast that infrequently occurs after cancer surgery and radiation) with, among other strategies, breast compression.¹³ The other smart-sounding hypothesis proposes that the underwire itself conducts environmental electromagnetic fields (EMFs). As you will read in a minute, even if this antenna theory were true, EMFs don’t cause breast cancer.

      A 2014 study compared bra-wearing habits between postmenopausal women with and without invasive breast cancer. Researchers found that details such as cup size, underwire presence, age first beginning to wear bras, and average hours worn were not associated with an increased risk of breast cancer.¹⁴ So, ladies, whatever you feel is appropriate in terms of chest support, I support you.

      Next up: antiperspirants and deodorant. You can officially slow your search for the ultimate natural substitute because no scientific evidence backs the claim that antiperspirants or deodorants cause breast cancer due to toxin buildup or aluminum exposure or parabens.¹⁵ As a reminder, antiperspirants block the pores with astringents such as aluminum chlorohydrate so that they can’t release sweat, thereby preventing bacterial buildup and odor. On the other hand, deodorants don’t prevent sweating but rather neutralize the smell of excess bacteria by combining fragrances that mask odor with propylene glycol that creates an environment where bacteria can’t grow.

      One cancer-linking theory purports that pore-plugging aluminum compounds absorbed near the breast contain estrogen-like activity.¹⁶ As we will review later, estrogens feed and fuel the majority of breast cancer cells. Therefore, the presence of estrogen-behaving compounds might increase the division of cancer cells. A second study suggests that aluminum itself directly negatively affects breast tissue cells.¹⁷ But a 2014 systematic review of peer-reviewed literature regarding these two potential health risks posed by aluminum concluded that no such relationships exist.¹⁸

      Maybe it’s not the aluminum? One publication found traces of a preservative called parabens inside a tiny sample of twenty breast cancer tumors.¹⁹ As “endocrine disrupters,” parabens demonstrate weak estrogen-like properties, but the study in question made no cause-and-effect connection between parabens and breast cancer, nor did it conclusively identify how they got there in the first place. Parabens have even been found inside tumors when women don’t use underarm products at all.²⁰ Besides, the dose of parabens required to initiate a mutation in a human breast would be much higher than that absorbed through the application of a stick or spray. Additionally, most brands no longer use parabens, but if you’re still worried about this, choose a product that specifically says paraben-free on the packaging.

      Another widely circulating rumor claims that antiperspirant prevents you from sweating out toxins, which can then accumulate in the lymph nodes and cause breast cancer. To draw conclusions that wipe the sweat off our concerned brows (and pits), we need epidemiologic studies that compare two groups of people who are alike except for one deodorant factor. Luckily we have a few. In 2002, researchers at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle conducted an epidemiologic study to address the sweat issue and other antiperspirant-related toxicity theories. They compared 1,600 women with and without breast cancer and found no link between breast cancer and antiperspirants, with or without shaving.²¹ A similar but smaller Iraqi study of 104 women with and without breast cancer also showed no link.²²

      The only published epidemiologic study with a competing point of view observed 437 Chicago-area breast cancer survivors and divided them according to underarm habits.²³ The author found that women who used antiperspirant/deodorant earlier in life and more frequently and with underarm shaving were statistically more likely to develop breast cancer at an earlier age. He theorized that aluminum salt substances found in these products entered the lymphatic system through nicks in the skin caused by shaving. However, this study did not demonstrate a conclusive link between underarm hygiene habits and breast cancer. Furthermore, a major study no-no existed: the omission of a control group of women without breast cancer. The studies with the most research cred always have a control group. And one more thing: girls who use deodorant and shave earlier than others probably went through puberty sooner. Strong evidence shows that the earlier periods start (menarche), the higher the breast cancer risk.

      The National Institutes of Health (NIH), American Cancer Society (ACS), National Cancer Institute (NCI), and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) report that no conclusive evidence links the use of underarm antiperspirants or deodorants to the development of breast cancer. On the flipside, some argue that we see a lower prevalence of breast cancer in developing countries where women don’t use these products. But in Europe, where antiperspirants are not widely used, the rate of breast cancer is higher than in the United States,²⁴ so it seems that factors much more influential than sweat-stopping antiperspirants and odor-eating deodorants are at play.

      While we’re talking chemicals, let’s move on to hair relaxers, particularly those feared to cause cancer in African American women. No doubt about it: cancer-causing compounds abound in hair products, but luckily for African American women who sport straight and silky hair, hair relaxers don’t make a cancer connection. Hair relaxers or straighteners, in the form of lotions or creams, chemically straighten curly hair by altering the hair’s internal structure. Product ingredients can enter the body through scalp burns or open cuts and sores. Since millions of African Americans use relaxers to reduce curl—one study found that 94 percent of African American women surveyed under age forty-five had used them at some point in their lives—these products have become the subject of much scrutiny, particularly as they may or may not relate to causing breast cancer.²⁵ Funded by the National Cancer Institute (NCI), researchers followed over 48,000 African American women for six years in the Black Women’s Health study.²⁶ A number of parameters were evaluated with respect to health and habits. Participants included women who had used hair straighteners seven or more times a year for twenty years or longer. When analyzing the 574 new cases of breast cancer that occurred during the study, researchers could not find any association between breast cancer risk and the duration of hair relaxer use, frequency of use, age at first use, number of burns experienced during use, or type of hair relaxer used.

      Perhaps what we should be focusing on isn’t straighteners specifically, but the fact that there are numerous and potentially cumulative health hazards hiding in our self-care products—particularly in African American communities. Specifically, hair products, including shampoos, conditioners, oils, dyes, relaxers, and root stimulators, containing estrogens and placental extracts can mimic estrogen in our bodies so much that use of these hair products in early life has been considered a major contributor as to why the proportion of girls at age eight who experience early puberty (precocious puberty) is nearly four times greater for African Americans than for whites (48.3 percent and 14.7 percent, respectively).²⁷ Check hair product labels and avoid using ones that contain estrogens, other hormones, and placenta, particularly for young children or while pregnant.²⁸

      PIERCINGS AND TATS

      If you’re worried about the nipple piercings and body tattoos you got during your punk phase in college, let me put your mind at ease. Nipple piercings don’t cause breast cancer. Studies show that nipple piercings can cause breast infections, or theoretically create difficulties with breastfeeding, but they don’t cause breast cancer.²⁹

      Tattoos also can cause infection and allergic reactions; sterile needles and uncontaminated ink minimize that risk. Unlike piercings, tattoos fall under the “not sure, probably fine” cancer category. Studies show that skin cancers do not occur any more frequently than would be expected at the location of a tattoo,³⁰ which should reassure breast cancer patients recreating a 3-D–appearing nipple and areola on mastectomy СКАЧАТЬ