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      R For Dummies®, 2nd Edition

      Published by: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, www.wiley.com

      Copyright © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey

      Media and software compilation copyright © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

      Published simultaneously in Canada

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      Library of Congress Control Number: 2015941928

      ISBN 978-1-119-05580-8 (pbk); ISBN 978-1-119-05583-9 (epub); 978-1-119-05585-3 (epdf)

      Introduction

      Welcome to R For Dummies, the book that helps you learn the statistical programming language R quickly and easily.

      We can’t guarantee that you’ll be a guru if you read this book, but you should be able to

      About This Book

      R For Dummies is an introduction to the statistical programming language known as R. We start by introducing the interface and work our way from the very basic concepts of the language through more sophisticated data manipulation and analysis.

      We illustrate every step with easy-to-follow examples. This book contains numerous code snippets, several write-it-yourself functions you can use later on, and complete analysis scripts. All these are for you to try out yourself.

      We don’t attempt to give a technical description of how R is programmed internally, but we do focus as much on the why as on the how. R has many features that may seem surprising at first, so we believe it’s important to explain both how you should talk to R, and how the R engine interprets what you say. After reading this book, you should be able to manipulate your data in the form you want and understand how to use functions we didn’t cover in the book (as well as the ones we do cover).

      This book is a reference. You don’t have to read it from beginning to end. Instead, you can use the table of contents and index to find the information you need. We cross-reference other chapters where you can find more information.

      Changes in the Second Edition

      Since the publication of the first edition, R has kept evolving and improving. To keep the book accurate, we updated the code to reflect any changes in the latest version of R (version 3.2.0). With the feedback from readers, students, and colleagues we could rework some sections to clarify issues and correct inaccuracies. For example, we modified the code to use double quotes instead of single quotes when using text strings. We also refer to the fundamental units of lists as components, rather than elements.

      The new rfordummies package contains code examples in the book. Read all about it in Appendix B.