QuickBooks 2015 All-in-One For Dummies. Nelson Stephen L.

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       Unit-of-measure assumption

      The unit-of-measure assumption assumes that a business’s domestic currency is the appropriate unit of measure for the business to use in its accounting. In other words, the unit-of-measure assumption states that it’s okay for U.S. businesses to use U.S. dollars in their accounting, and it’s okay for UK businesses to use pounds sterling as the unit of measure in their accounting system. The unit-of-measure assumption also states, implicitly, that even though inflation and occasionally deflation change the purchasing power of the unit of measure used in the accounting system, that’s still okay. Sure, inflation and deflation foul up some of the numbers in a firm’s financial statements. But the unit-of-measure assumption says that’s usually okay – especially in light of the fact that no better alternatives exist.

       Separate-entity assumption

      The separate-entity assumption states that a business entity, like a sole proprietorship, is a separate entity, a separate thing from its business owner. Also, the separate-entity assumption says that a partnership is a separate thing from the partners who own part of the business. The separate-entity assumption, therefore, enables one to prepare financial statements just for the sole proprietorship or just for the partnership. As a result, the separate-entity assumption also relies on a business to be separate, distinct, and definable compared with its business owners.

       A Few Words about Tax Accounting

      I’m not going to talk much about tax accounting or tax preparation in this book. However, one of the key reasons that you do accounting and use a program such as QuickBooks is to make your tax accounting easier. That’s obvious. So a fair question is this: How does what I’ve said so far relate to income tax return preparation?

      This is a tough question to answer. Tax laws typically don’t map to generally accepted accounting principles. Generally accepted accounting principles aren’t the same thing as income tax law. However, if you use good basic accounting practices as you operate QuickBooks, you get financial information that you can use to easily prepare your tax returns, especially if you get some help from your certified public accountant (CPA).

      If you want, you can also use income tax rules to fine-tune your accounting and bookkeeping. This practice, which is technically known as an other comprehensive basis of accounting (OCBOA), is generally considered to be an appropriate way to perform accounting for small and medium-size enterprises.

Chapter 2

      Double-Entry Bookkeeping

       In This Chapter

      ▶ Checking out the fiddle-faddle method of accounting

      ▶ Grasping how double-entry bookkeeping works

      ▶ Looking at an (almost) real-life example

      ▶ Figuring out how QuickBooks helps

      The preceding chapter describes why businesses create financial statements and how these financial statements can be used. If you’ve read Book I, Chapter 1, or if you’ve spent much time managing a business, you probably know what you need to know about financial statements. In truth, financial statements are pretty straightforward. An income statement, for example, shows a firm’s revenues, expenses, and profits. A balance sheet itemizes a firm’s assets, liabilities, and owner’s equity. So far, so good.

      Unfortunately, preparing traditional financial statements is more complicated and tedious. The work of preparing financial statements – called accounting or bookkeeping – requires either a whole bunch of fiddle-faddling with numbers or learning how to use double-entry bookkeeping.

      In this chapter, I start by describing the fiddle-faddle method. This isn’t because I think you should use that method. In fact, I assume that you eventually want to use QuickBooks for your accounting and, by extension, for double-entry bookkeeping. However, if you understand the fiddle-faddle method, you’ll clearly see why double-entry bookkeeping is so much better.

      After I describe the fiddle-faddle method, I walk you through the steps to using and understanding double-entry bookkeeping. After you see all the anguish and grief that the fiddle-faddle method causes, you should have no trouble appreciating why double-entry bookkeeping works so much better. And I hope you’ll also commit to the 30 or 40 minutes necessary to learn the basics of double-entry bookkeeping.

       The Fiddle-Faddle Method of Accounting

      Most small businesses – or at least those small businesses whose owners aren’t already trained in accounting – have used the fiddle-faddle method. For example, take a peek at the financial statements shown in Tables 2-1 and 2-2. If you’ve read or reviewed Book I, Chapter 1, you may recognize that these financial statements stem from the imaginary hot dog stand business. Table 2-1 shows the income statement for the one day a year that the imaginary hot dog stand business operates. Table 2-2 shows the balance sheet at the start of the first day of operation.

Table 2-1 A Simple Income Statement for the Hot Dog Stand

Table 2-2 A Simple Balance Sheet for the Hot Dog Stand

      With the fiddle-faddle method of accounting, you individually calculate each number shown in the financial statement. For example, the sales revenue figure shown in Table 2-1 equals $13,000. The fiddle-faddle method of accounting requires you to somehow come up with this sales revenue number manually. You may be able to come up with this number by remembering each of the sales that you made during the day. Or, if you prepare invoices or sales receipts, you may be able to come up with this number by adding all the individual sales. If you have a cash register, you may also be able to come up with this number by looking at the cash register tape.

      Other revenue and expense numbers get calculated in the same crude manner. For example, the $1,000 of rent expense gets calculated by either remembering what amount you paid for rent or by looking in your checkbook register and finding the check that you wrote for rent.

      The balance sheet values get produced in roughly the same way. You can deduce the cash balance of $1,000, for example, by looking at the checkbook or, in a worst-case scenario, the bank statement. You can deduce the inventory balance of $3,000 by adding the individual inventory item values. You can calculate the liability and owner’s equity amounts in similar fashion.

      Some of the values shown in an income statement or on a balance sheet get plugged – meaning that they’re calculated using other numbers from the financial statement. For example, you don’t look up the profit amount in any particular place; instead, you calculate profit by subtracting expenses from revenue. You can also, of course, calculate balance sheet values such as total assets, owner’s equity, and total liabilities.

      Okay, I admit it: The fiddle-faddle method of accounting works reasonably well for a very small business as long as you have a good checkbook. So for a very small business, you may be able to get away with this crude, piecemeal approach to accounting.

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