Money, money circulation and credit. Коллектив авторов

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СКАЧАТЬ Russia the emission of paper money – assignats for the first time began in 1769 r. It was supposed that like in other countries who risked implementing paper money they could be freely exchanged onto silver or gold on request. But all turned otherwise. To the end of the century already the excesses of assignats forced to freeze the exchange, in the nature of things the rate of assignated ruble began to fall and the prices of goods increase.

      Money separated on «bad» and «good». According to the law of Thomas Graham bad money drives out good: the money commercial value of which rises in respect to bad money and official exchange rate disappears from the circulation. It simply «put by» at homes and bank safes.

      In the XX^th century the performers of the «bad» money role were the banknotes which drove out of circulation gold. Since the First World War the tendency for the banknotes exchange on gold termination became a frequent practice. Whereupon the bank bills became almost undistinguishable from the treasury notes – the second type of paper money. The Central Bank faced the matter of the money circulation unfaltering watch. Actually paper money itself doesn’t have any useful value.

      Paper money is a sign, symbol of value. How come the refusal of gold happened which became so widespread and settled subsequently? The simplest explanation is that paper money is convenient in circulation and easy for transportation. It is useful to remember the words of the famous Englishman – Adam Smith who said that paper money should be considered in the quality of the cheaper instrument of circulation.

      Actually during the circulation the coins abrade and a part of precious metal disappears. Besides growths the demand of gold in industry, medicine and among supplies. And the main the goods circulation on a scale of trillions of US dollars, tenge, franks and other monetary units is impossible to cover by gold.

      A transfer to a fiduciary circulation sharply widened the commodity exchange limits. Paper money – banknotes and treasury notes – are obligatory for acceptance in the quality of a payment mean on the territory of the State. Its value is determined only by the quantity of goods and services which could be purchased on it.

      Thus the XX^th century is marked by a transfer to a paper money circulation and gold and silver conversion into the commodity which could be purchased at a market price.

      Paper money should be understood as a monetary unit which is issued directly or indirectly by the Treasury Department for the budget requirements and provided with a compulsory purchasing power. They include the treasure notes, different types of substitutes (government bills, government bonds, some kinds of consolidated stocks and token money).

      Paper money is a monetary unit inconvertible on metal supplied with a compulsory nominal and issued by government to cover its expenses.

      Modern money is a social phenomenon appointed by the governmental authorities. Its color, size and artistic features are not important for buyers and sellers. A trust to money is determined by a trust to a credibility of some or another governmental authority. The society represented by the government can easily appoint the other in form and images paper or plastic notes to perform the functions of money and the individuals will use them as money to cover their needs. That’s why nowadays money is called fiat money».

      The government keeps control of the circulation emission of currency. If the money issue was unlimited or could be done by everyone thus the prices would grow sharply, money would devaluate and wouldn’t be used. The society would return to an exchange in kind.

      Paper money is unstable in itself, i.e. as a rule it devaluates because it is issued for the budget deficit coverage. It is not exchanged on gold and does not have its own inmost value thus the mechanism of spare money withdrawal from circulation the «mechanism of trea- sure» does not work here. Consequently paper money issued above the norm is stuck in the channels of circulation and devaluates. The depreciation of money is an exchange of one paper monetary unit purchasing power (but not all the paper monetary stock).

      There are two forms of the monetary depreciation:

      Internal is a depreciation in respect to the goods on domestic market, i.e. the increase of prices;

      External is a depreciation of money in respect to the foreign currency, i.e. an exchange fall (drop) of the national currency.

      1.2.3. Credit money

      Credit money is a collective term appeared on the basis of the private individuals’ or government’s real obligations substitution. It occurred due to the money function as a mean of payment where money acts as an obligation which should be redeemed by a real money according to a due date. Credit money includes bills, banknotes, cheque, electronic money.

      Banknote is a perpetual debenture guaranteed by the Central Bank of the State. Initially the banknotes had a gold guarantee of exchange onto the gold. They are issued with a strictly defined denomination and in principle are concerned as a national money on all the State territory.

      Till 1990 in the Soviet Union circulated as the treasury notes so the USSR banknotes. The first included the monetary units with small denominations of 1, 3 and 5 rubles issued by the Treasury and marked as the «treasury notes». The notes with nominations more than 10 rubles were issued by the USSR State Bank, i.e. were the banknotes.

      Nowadays the monetary units in Kazakhstan are issued only by the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan (under the RK law dated from March 30, 1995 № 2155 «About the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan»).

      According to this law the banknotes and coins issue, their circulation organization and withdrawal from the circulation on the territory of Kazakhstan are performed only by the National Bank of RK exceptionally. The banknotes and coins emission to the circulation is performed by the National Bank by means of their sale to private and legal individuals.

      There are also the following statutes and regulations in respect to the banknotes issue, circulation and withdrawal: the management decree of the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan from December 12, 2005 № 163 «About the adoption of regulations of sale and purchase of national currency banknotes and coins by the National Bank of RK»; the management decree of NB RK from December 26, 2003 № 477 «About the adoption of regulations of the national currency of RK banknotes and coins fitness for use determination)).

      Bill of credit. The bills and cheques are the earliest forms of non-cash money invented by bankers. The archeologists discovered the evidences of the fact that the prototypes of such monetary documents were used by merchants and bankers of the Ancient Babylon, i.e. 20 centuries B.C.

      However the true story of bill is linked with the capitalistic relations development. Thus the country of a transfer bill’s origin is considered Italy where in the XII-XIII^th centuries in the most prevailing conditions of the economical, political and geographical factors the capitalism and trade ties with other countries developed. It is a necessity of trade turnover and market trade development that brought into the world the bill of credit.

      The bill of credit is a debitor’s written absolute commitment to pay a definite sum when and where due. An absoluteness of the bill differences it fundamentally from an ordinary receipt where usually the reasons and terms of the future payment are denoted. But the bill doesn’t denote the factors according to which a person who draws out a bill (a bill drawer) is obliged to pay the denoted sum to the bill holder.

      Moreover unlike the bill of debt the law allows the bill holder not to wait for maturity in order to use it as a mean of payment to a third person, i.e. as one of a money kind.

      The standards harmonization of an international drawing right happened only in 1930 in Geneva where the uniform Bills of Exchange Act (BEA) was adopted. Enshrined in the BEA main СКАЧАТЬ