Английский язык. Учебно-методическое пособие к практическим занятиям для биологов бакалавриата и магистратуры. Шолпан Гумарова

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СКАЧАТЬ за последние 40 лет, пустыня, разделять, с тех пор, насыпь, оставаться.

      3. Make questions of the following statements and then give short answers to each of them:

      1. The land-locked Aral Sea was the world's fourth largest lake.

      2. The Aral Sea is now half the size.

      3. The huge lake has shrunk considerably.

      4. Expanding irrigation has reduced river inflow to the Aral Sea.

      5. The Aral Sea is located among the deserts of Central Asia.

      6. Data on net ground water exchange are approximate.

      7. Five independent nations lie in the sea's basin.

      8. The population of that part of the Aral Sea basin was around 35 mln.

      9. The lake was populated mainly by fresh water species.

      10. Reeds grow in abundance in the numerous wetlands and lakes.

      4. Find in the text the passages to which the questions refer:

      1. Why has the Aral Sea shrunk considerably?

      2. Where is the Aral Sea located?

      3. Why did the drying, recession and salingation of the Aral Sea accelerate in the 1970-1980s?

      4. What part of the Aral Sea will stabilize by 2005?

      5. Read the following sentences and point out the subject and the predicate in each of them:

      1. This paper investigates the nature, causes and consequences of the Aral Sea problem.

      2. One of the planet's most serious environmental and human tragedies is unfolding in the basin of the Aral Sea.

      3. Expanding irrigation has reduced river inflow to the Aral Sea.

      The Aral Sea had a productive fishery and served as a major transportation route.

      4. Irrigation expansion in the Aral Sea basin after 1960 required much more water per hectar.

      5. The Aral Sea is divided into two water bodies.

      UNIT IV

      New words and expressions:

      degradation – деградация

      severe – суровый

      cease – прекращать

      adapt – приспосабливать

      spawn – метать икру

      feed – кормить, питаться

      hinder – мешать

      access – доступ

      abandon – оставлять

      suffer – страдать, испытывать

      damage – повреждать

      disaster – бедствие

      decline – понижение

      pasture – пастбище, подножный корм

      affect – действовать, влиять

      inedible – несъедобный

      vegetation – растительность

      graze – пастись

      plateau – плато, плоскогорье

      implicate – вовлекать

      respiratory – дыхательный

      digestive – пищеварительный

      inhalation – вдыхание

      ingestion – глотание

      hygienic – гигиенический

      drainage – сток

      treatment – обработка

      pesticide – пестицид

      fertilizer – удобрение

      contaminate – загрязнять, заражать

      morbid – болезненный, патологический

      constrained – принужденный

      affliction – огорчение

      morbidity – патология

      Read the international words and give their Russian equivalents:

      degradation, commercial, adapt, condition, area, navigation, kilometre, stop, port, major, limit, region, population, million, ecological, zone, serious, delta, reduction, associate, agriculture, practice, system, productivity, natural, vegetation, plateau, respiratory, variety, medical, hygienic, drainage, canal, minimal, critical, problem, pesticide, incedent, factor, diet, general, infant.

Environmental, Economic and Human Consequences

      The environmental, economic and human degradation from the Aral Sea's desiccation have been wide-ranging and severe. Commercial fishing ceased in the early 1980s as native species, unable to adapt to rapidly changing conditions (chiefly rising salinity and loss of spawning and feeding areas), disappeared and the shoreline receded ten of kilometers from fishing towns and villages, hindering access to the sea by fishing boats. Commercial navigation across the Aral Sea also stopped as efforts to keep the increasingly long navigation channels open to the major port of Aralsk became too costly and difficult and were abandoned.

      But damage has not been limited to the sea and settlements directly dependent on it. A region around the sea with a population in 1991 of nearly 4 mln has also suffered great damage and is considered an "ecological disaster zone". One of the most serious consequences has been the degradation of ecosystems in the Amu-Dar'ya and Syr-Dar'ya deltas owing to the huge reduction of flow through them and decline of groundwater levels in them associated with both reduced river discharge and the falling level of the Aral Sea.

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