Дизайн привычных вещей. Дональд Норман
Чтение книги онлайн.

Читать онлайн книгу Дизайн привычных вещей - Дональд Норман страница 11

СКАЧАТЬ id="n_1">

      1

      Перепечатано с разрешения Wall Street Journal, © Dow Jones & Co., Inc., 1986. Авторские права защищены.

      2

      W. H. Mayall (1979). Principles in design (p. 84).

      3

      Понятие «назначение» впервые употребил Дж. Дж. Тибсои, психолог, изучавший субъективное видение мира. Я убежден, что назначение является результатом мысленной интерпретации предмета, основанной на пережитом опыте и имеющихся знаниях. Моя точка зрения не совпадает с мнениями последователей Гибсона, но к моей книге это не имеет никакого отношения. (См.: Gibson, 1977, 1979.)

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 СКАЧАТЬ