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СКАЧАТЬ in Central and Eastern Europe and even among the Soviets themselves. Thus, a partisan war against the Soviets began in all of the countries occupied by the Soviet Union in 1939 and 1940 as a result of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. This resistance to the Soviets was mostly built upon the structures created to fight the Nazis during the German occupation, for example, the Polish Armia Krajowa (AK), the Ukrainian Insurgence Army (UPA) or the Lithuanian Liberation Army.

      In Latvia and Estonia, the goal of resistance between 1944 and 1945 was initially simply to survive the Soviet onslaught, hiding in the forests and swamps while waiting for the new war to start when they would be able to participate in the liberation of their country. In 1945, as it became obvious that a war between the West and the USSR was not imminent, the ‘Forest Brothers’, as they called themselves, converted their efforts to active fighting against the Soviets. In Lithuania and the Ukraine, battles with the Red Army commenced as soon as it entered the territories controlled by the partisans. The arrival of the Red Army heralded a new wave of terror including mass arrests and forced conscription, leading more people to join the partisans. In Lithuania, smaller partisan detachments started to combine to form larger units early in 1944, as a result of which seven partisan regions (apygarda) were formed. This provided the partisans with material resources, printing equipment and medicine, as well as facilitating distribution of their publications. The activities of the partisans were regulated by the statutes of the former Lithuanian army. In resistance to the formation of a Soviet civil government in Lithuania, the partisans assaulted smaller towns, destroying government institutions, disarming punitive units, liberating prisoners and destroying call-up documents. Villages were under partisan control at night and in some locations even during the day. The partisans gathered in the forests in groups of a hundred or more and built well-fortified camps. Between 1944 and 1945, there were several bigger battles between the partisans and Soviet units, in which airborne reconnaissance and mortars were used against the partisans. The Soviet leaders gave the order to destroy the partisan movement in Lithuania ‘within a fortnight’, but the resistance continued.121

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      1

      Davies 1996.

      2

      Pipes 2001.

      3

      Gellately 2007.

      4

      Laar 2006, pp. 112–123.

      5

      Zamoyski 2008.

      6

      Davies 2003b, pp. 29–60.

      7

      Janos 2000, pp. 125–201.

      8

      Romsics 1999, p. 349.

      9

      Schöpflin 1993, pp. 5–56.

      10

      Gregory 2009; Conquest 1992; Conquest 1986.

      11

      Hiden and Salmon 1991.

      12

      Geyer and Fitzpatrick 2008.

      13

      Ferguson 2006, pp. 312–385.

      14

      Nazi-Soviet relations. The Department of State 1948.

      15

      Read and Fisher 1988.

      16

      Weeks 2002.

      17

      Gross 2002, pp. 144–225.

1

Davies 1996.

2

Pipes 2001.

3

Gellately 2007.

4

Laar 2006, pp. 112–123.

5

Zamoyski 2008.

6

Davies 2003b, pp. 29–60.

7

Janos 2000, pp. 125–201.

8

Romsics 1999, p. 349.

9

Schöpflin 1993, pp. 5–56.

10

Gregory 2009; Conquest 1992; Conquest 1986.

11

Hiden and Salmon 1991.

12

Geyer and Fitzpatrick 2008.

13

Ferguson 2006, pp. 312–385.

14

Nazi-Soviet relations. The Department of State 1948.

15

Read and Fisher 1988.

16

Weeks 2002.

17

Gross 2002, pp. 144–225.

18

Sanford 2005.

19

Wajda 2007.

20

Johnson and Hermann 2007.

21

United States 1954; Smalkais and Vējiņš 2007.

22

Mälksoo 2001; Mälksoo 2007.

23

Crimes of the Soviet totalitarian regime in Lithuania. Vilnius 2008; Forgotten Soviet War Crime. Vilnius 2007; Estonia 1940–1945. Reports of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes against Humanity. Tallinn 2006.

24

Laar 2005.

25

Mälksoo 2003.

26

Renwick СКАЧАТЬ